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Hemp News, Laws & Product Updates

A curated news hub focused on hemp regulation and policy changes, cannabinoids (CBD/Delta-8/Delta-9/hemp-derived THC), lab testing and COAs, product safety, brands, and industry trends.

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https://hightimes.com/

California Judge Rules Against Feds in Suit Filed by Ayahuasca Church

A federal judge in California has ruled against a motion from the U.S. Attorney General’s office to dismiss a lawsuit filed by a church that uses the psychedelic brew ayahuasca as a sacrament. The suit was filed last year by the Church of the Celestial Heart after a shipment of ayahuasca to the church was intercepted by law enforcement officials. The legal action, which names U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland and other federal officials as defendants in the case, was filed by Jade Osborne, the wife of the Church of the Celestial Heart’s pastor Kai Karrel and the intended recipient of the shipment. After the ayahuasca shipment was intercepted, Osborne was arrested and criminally charged in 2021 by authorities in Tulare County, although prosecutors have not filed formal charges. Osborne, the church, and additional plaintiffs maintain in the lawsuit filed in April 2023 that the federal government is forcing them to choose between practicing their religion or going against their beliefs to avoid prosecution by law enforcement. “Ayahuasca is an essential sacrament for Karrel, without which he cannot practice his religion or provide services to the church’s members,” the church writes in its suit, according to a report from Courthouse News Service. “Despite these threats, Karrel intends to continue possessing and using the church’s sacrament — ayahuasca.” In the legal action, the church is seeking preliminary and permanent injunctions barring Garland and federal officials from prosecuting members of the church for using ayahuasca. The suit also requests attorney’s fees and other forms of relief from the government. The attorney general’s office filed a motion to dismiss the case, maintaining that the church did state a claim in its filing and does not have standing to file the suit because the seizure was not an injury caused by the named defendants in the case. Although the Department of Homeland Security seized the shipment of ayahuasca, an official with the Tulare County Sheriff’s Office investigated the case and arrested Osborne. The motion also requested that if the case was not dismissed, it be stayed until the church applies for a religious exemption to the Controlled Substances Act.  U.S. Magistrate Judge Stanley A. Boone ruled against the attorney general’s office on all counts. “The court finds plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged a genuine threat of imminent prosecution … and this supports the conclusion that plaintiffs have demonstrated standing,” the judge wrote in his decision. Boone noted in his decision that church members intend to continue importing, possessing and using ayahuasca because the church cannot function properly without the sacrament. Members of the church also intend to continue using ayahuasca in its rituals, even with the threat of prosecution from federal and local authorities. “Here, Celestial Heart alleges it has suffered both financial and spiritual loss having its sacrament confiscated and destroyed,” the judge wrote. “That it is substantially burdened by being forced to choose between following the tenets of its religion or being coerced to act contrary to its religious beliefs by the threat of civil or criminal sanctions; and that it intends to continue importing, possessing, and using its sacrament, for without its sacrament, the Church cannot provide essential services.” Church members say they believe the ayahuasca was destroyed after it was seized. But the judge determined that even if the brew was destroyed, the threat of federal prosecution of church members could be traced back to the federal officials named in the lawsuit. Boone also ruled against the attorney general’s motion to stay the case to allow the Drug Enforcement Administration to investigate the religious exemption claims made by the church. Sean T. McAllister, a Denver attorney representing the Church of the Celestial Heart, declined a request from the Courthouse News Service to comment on the legal action. “Here, Celestial Heart alleges it has suffered both financial and spiritual loss having its sacrament confiscated and destroyed,” Boone wrote. “That it is substantially burdened by being forced to choose between following the tenets of its religion or being coerced to act contrary to its religious beliefs by the threat of civil or criminal sanctions; and that it intends to continue importing, possessing, and using its sacrament, for without its sacrament, the Church cannot provide essential services.”

https://hightimes.com/

Small Stanford Study Shows Ibogaine Could Be Used To Treat PTSD

Ibogaine, a powerful psychedelic derived from an African shrub long thought to be useful in treating heroin and opiate addiction, was recently the subject of a Stanford study which showed it may also be effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder. Stanford researchers followed the journey of 30 veterans of the United States special forces, all of whom had suffered one or more traumatic brain injuries during their military careers from repeated blast exposures. These veterans opted, of their own accord, to go to Mexico where ibogaine treatments are legal to undergo treatment and try to relieve some of their symptoms, which no other drugs known to modern medicine have been able to do.  “No other drug has ever been able to alleviate the functional and neuropsychiatric symptoms of traumatic brain injury,” said Nolan Williams, MD, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. “The results are dramatic, and we intend to study this compound further.” Ibogaine experiences have anecdotally been described as an incredibly intense experience at best and a horribly unpleasant one at worst. The drug is combined with magnesium in clinical settings, according to a Stanford press release, to prevent heart complications which have been associated with ibogaine in the past. The participants of this study filled out a questionnaire to assess their symptoms before traveling to an ibogaine clinic in Mexico run by Ambio Life Sciences. The participants were screened again after receiving treatment.  “There were a handful of veterans who had gone to this clinic in Mexico and were reporting anecdotally that they had great improvements in all kinds of areas of their lives after taking ibogaine,” Williams said. “Our goal was to characterize those improvements with structured clinical and neurobiological assessments.” Before receiving treatment, Stanford researchers said the participants of the study were all experiencing severe symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation to name a few. According to Stanford, all of the participants were experiencing clinically significant levels of disability from their traumatic brain injuries. 23 met the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, 14 for anxiety disorder, and 15 for alcohol use disorder. 19 had been suicidal in their lifetimes and seven had previously attempted to take their own lives.  “These men were incredibly intelligent, high-performing individuals who experienced life-altering functional disability from TBI during their time in combat,” Williams said. “They were all willing to try most anything that they thought might help them get their lives back.” The results of the study showed great promise that ibogaine may be useful in treating some or all of the symptoms these men experienced. Stanford researchers disclosed that before they received treatment, the participants shared an average disability rating of 30.2 on the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0, which in layman’s terms means they all suffered from mild to moderate disability. That number got knocked down to 5.1 after ibogaine treatment, indicating no disability.  The improvements seemed to last beyond the treatment phase as well. One month after receiving ibogaine, which is when the study ended, participants reported an average of 88% reduction in PTSD symptoms, an 87% reduction in depression symptoms and an 81% reduction in anxiety symptoms. Cognitive testing also showed improvements in participants’ concentration, information processing, memory and impulsivity abilities.  Two of the participants chose to publicly share their experiences with ibogaine treatment in the Stanford press release. Both expressed anecdotally that their experiences before and after receiving treatment were night and day respectively. Craig, a 52-year-old study participant from Colorado who served 27 years in the U.S. Navy told Stanford researchers he knew he needed help when he forgot his wife’s name.  “I wasn’t willing to admit I was dealing with any TBI challenges. I just thought I’d had my bell rung a few times — until the day I forgot my wife’s name,” Craig said. “Since [ibogaine treatment], my cognitive function has been fully restored. This has resulted in advancement at work and vastly improved my ability to talk to my children and wife.” Sean, a 51-year-old veteran from Arizona with six combat deployments, told researchers that ibogaine treatment saved his life.  “Before the treatment, I was living life in a blizzard with zero visibility and a cold, hopeless, listless feeling,” Sean said. “After ibogaine, the storm lifted.” Despite showing promise both anecdotally and in formal studies, ibogaine is considered a Schedule 1 narcotic in all 50 states, meaning it is considered to have no medical value. 

https://hightimes.com/

Some Interesting Things

Hello. The internet be can overwhelming. News can be scary. Here are a few things, people, etc. that may or may not ease the pain of being on Earth. Leyland Kirby, aka The Caretaker, made ambient music that explored memory and was supposed to sound like the progression of dementia. Listening to it is a very haunting and beautiful and sad, cathartic experience—perfect for a moment spent alone. If you live in Los Angeles area, you’re very lucky because you’re able to go to Valley Glen and see the Great Wall of Los Angeles, a half-mile long mural done by Judy Baca (with the help of 400 other people), depicting all sorts of monumental moments in history, including the California Gold Rush, the development of suburbia, and the civil rights movement. If you live on the west side and don’t want to go all the way to Valley Glen, Baca founded the Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC) in Venice, which has a wonderful exhibit going on dedicated to the continuation of the Wall. I read this book a few months ago and loved it so much. Le Corbusier was an architect and city planner from Switzerland (who moved to France in 1917), certainly one of the most famous architects of all time, but the world of architecture is new to me and exciting, so learning about his philosophies and reading along as he builds this imaginary—but real!—utopian Paris was such a fun journey. And some of the things he says, design-wise, are so straightforward and easy enough to never think of, like a straight line is for business and a wavy line is recreational. I recommend checking your local bookstore first before ordering it on Amazon, but here’s the link anyway. I was planning on reading a different book by him, something less introductory, I figured: I read, I could handle it, but in reality, this was the perfect first step into a realm that I knew/know nothing about. And what a soft, pillowy first step it was. That’s not to say the book wasn’t confusing; it was wildly confusing, but that’s kind of the heart of Zen, if I understand it correctly (which I don’t). One plus one doesn’t have to equal two. If you’re on a bridge with a river underneath it, it’s not the river flowing but the bridge. Amazon again 🙁 My personal favorite is The Novelist’s Film but Grass is good too, so is On the Beach at Night Alone, and many more. The usually consist of a lot of eating and drinking and talking about love and relationships, art, aging, you know, typical human focal points. “Tender” is how I would describe a majority of his films.

https://hightimes.com/

Wasted Weed: Canada’s Disposal of 3.7 Million Pounds of Cannabis Since 2018

In 2022 and the first half of 2023, Canada went through a whopping 611.7 million grams (yeah, that’s 1.3 million pounds) of cannabis dried bud, but not in a fun way. All of the marijuana in question was tossed out by licensed producers as the result of a disparity between how much is grown and how much people use.  They chucked out nearly 44% more than the 425.3 million grams destroyed last year. According to Health Canada, the reported figures actually only account for the weight of destroyed unpackaged cannabis. This indicates that the total volume of cannabis waste in Canada, including products that had already been packaged, could be much higher, perhaps well exceeding 2 billion grams. Industry expert and consultant Farrell Miller notes that the majority of this discarded product was destroyed for being too old and having too little THC. “There is no demand for old and low-THC products, so manufacturers of finished products are not buying this biomass as inputs,” she said. “It’s likely low-quality material with no value. “As consumers become more savvy with packaging dates on dried cannabis products, this trend will only continue.” If the destructive pattern continues at the same alarming rate from July to December 2023, it could mean that Canada’s cannabis industry has already hit the apex of its supply-demand mismatch. So it’s trying to move towards a balance, as wasteful as it is (not to mention awful for the environment). Canada may be the first big nation to legalize adult-use weed back in 2018, but we know now that Canadians aren’t smoking enough to keep up with the supply. MJBizDaily estimates that more than 1.7 billion grams (3.7 million pounds) of unsold and unpackaged dried flower have been thrown out. And this number doesn’t even include the packaged products. Approximately 24 million packages of cannabis products have also met the same fate since 2018. After Canada legalized recreational cannabis sales, there was a surge in licensed producers excessively cultivating the plant. As a result, from 2017 to around 2020, right before the pandemic hit and during the cannabis stock boom, the focus of analysts and investors was more on the potential production volume promised by cannabis companies rather than on their actual sales figures. This motivated licensees to invest heavily in giant greenhouses. However, the model was not sustainable. These vast cultivation areas generally fell short of delivering the premium, high-THC cannabis that consumers were seeking, highlighting a significant gap between production output and market demand. Marie Sweeney, a cannabis team adviser at Cannabis License Experts, a consultancy based in Ontario, has also noted that the slew of weed business shutdowns in the industry is part of why they’re destroying so much herb. She notes that bankrupt companies are often forced to get rid of any unsold products if they are not sold off prior to the expiration date of their federal permits. As per MJBizDaily, Sweeney also says that the new labeling standards for high-THC products are a major issue. While plenty of cannabis users understandably want strong weed, this creates a market surplus of lower THC but still quality cannabis flower. Plenty of wholesalers have policies of rejecting products with less than 20-25% THC. Furthermore, Sweeney points out that many companies don’t have effective business models. These are all problems made worse by the fact that there’s just a rampant overproduction of cannabis. So what about a solution to this heartbreaking problem of wasted weed? Miller suggests that the Canadian federal government should seek methods to align public policy and regulatory activities more closely with provincial regulators and cannabis license holders. “There haven’t been any limits placed on issuing licenses, and that is contributing to the oversupply,” she said. “If there was more of a national coordination effort, that would give the federal government more insight into what is actually making it onto the shelves in stores. Only the federal government licenses production – and the provincial and territorial governments manage retail – so a more coordinated approach within the industry, among the provincial and federal governments, would help manage the oversupply of licensed products.” She adds that those who have cultivation licenses must find a way to grow cannabis that meets minimum THC requirements if they want anyone to buy their product. “Retailers and wholesale suppliers across the country have adapted to consumer demands by purchasing primarily high-THC products,” she said. “Licensed growers and manufacturers have accumulated trim and biomass that cannot be sold or created into high-impact products, (meaning it) is often destroyed. Improved oversight, data sharing, and communication between the federal government and retailers across the country would help control the production of excess cannabis by balancing production with consumer demand.”

https://hightimes.com/

West Virginia Legislator Support Cannabis as Method To Reduce Fentanyl Overdoses

Ahead of the beginning of the legislative session in West Virginia, many legislators gathered at a press event on Jan. 5 to discuss topics such as funding various organizations (such as firefighting or cybersecurity), but Senate President Craig Blair touched on cannabis. Blair was asked if adult-use cannabis was a reliable way of “quelling the fentanyl scourge,” according to West Virginia Public Broadcasting. “My gut tells me it might not happen this year,” said Blair. “But you’re going to see it sooner than later because that is a way to combat that issue.” He added that he will be sponsoring a bill that would punish those who manufacture and distribute illegal fentanyl. “Do I think anybody will ever be put to death in the state of West Virginia,” said Blair. “I doubt it. But what we’re wanting to do is send a message out to these animals that are selling us, and manufacturing this, to stay the hell out of West Virginia.” The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources reported in 2020 that the opioid crisis was a public health emergency. “West Virginia is one of the states most impacted by the current opioid crisis. In 1999, West Virginia had a lower rate of overdose deaths than the national average at 4.1 per 100,000 population versus a national rate of 6.0,” the report explained. “In 2001, West Virginia surpassed the national rate and in 2010 became the state with the highest rate of overdose deaths in the nation. West Virginia continues to lead the nation in overdose deaths, with its highest rate of 57.8 recorded in 2017.” More recent data from late 2022 shows that the state reported 1,403 fatal overdoses in West Virginia between March 2021 and March 2022, with 84% of that number including fentanyl. During the press event, Blair allegedly claimed that 70% of cannabis in West Virginia tests positive for containing fentanyl. He also claimed that when he drives by and/or visits dispensaries in other neighboring states, many of the parked vehicles have West Virginia license plates, so he sees cannabis on the horizon. House Minority Leader Sean Hornbuckle showed support for cannabis legalization as well. “We’re a believer in adult-use cannabis,” he said in reference to his democratic associates. He added that citizen support for cannabis is “well into the 60s,” described legalization as “something that we can have in our toolkit that can help pay for items,” and suggested a constitutional amendment for voters to choose if they want to legalize. West Virginia’s medical cannabis program became law in 2017, but license registration didn’t open until May 2021, and the first dispensary didn’t open until November 2021. However, attempts to push adult-use legalization have still been met with resistance. In summer 2021, advocates in four cities attempted to collect signatures for cannabis decriminalization efforts, although the initiatives didn’t proceed to the ballot. Advocates for a cannabis decriminalization initiative began collecting signatures in June 2022 but also didn’t see much progress. The city of Huntington, West Virginia welcomed the opening of its first dispensary, called Huntington Gardens, which is owned by Ukrainian immigrants, in September 2023. According to co-owners Frederick Bartolovic and Kayla McClaskey, many Ukrainians are moving into the cannabis industry. “I am sure that the blue and yellow in the middle of Herd Country must be odd to see for some, especially this time of the year with football season,” said McClaskey. “Rest assured though, it is not some bold representation of the Mountaineers of [West Virginia University], in fact the owners of the new dispensary are actually Ukrainian immigrants who have lived and built many successful businesses across Colorado, California, Michigan, New Jersey, and now here in West Virginia.” According to NBC News as of a year ago, more than 271,000 people have been admitted into the U.S. since the Ukraine-Russia war began. West Virginia shared a border with five states, including. Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Maryland adult-use cannabis sales began in July 2023 and as of Jan. 8, the state has collected more than $700 million in sales. Meanwhile, Ohio became the 23rd state to legalize adult-use cannabis in November 2023. Pennsylvania legalized medical cannabis back in 2016 but advocates are still working to get adult-use passed. Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear has continually provided updates on the progress of the state’s medical cannabis program, and reported in October 2023 that it isn’t expected to launch until January 2025. Virginia legalized adult-use cannabis in 2021 with a goal of legal sales beginning this month, but state legislators have not yet implemented a regulatory framework. Virginia NORML Executive Director JM Pedini spoke with WUSA9 about the delay. “This is really frustrating for Virginians right now,” JM Pedini said. “It is entirely typical for there to be some amount of time between the date that legalization takes effect in the state and the date that retail sales can begin. But three years is far too long.” Reports from late last year also showed that like people in West Virginia, Virginia medical cannabis patients residents are traveling to other states to get their medicine.

https://hightimes.com/

Maine’s 2023 Adult-Use Cannabis Sales Top $200 Million

Maine’s regulated adult-use cannabis industry generated more than $200 million in sales last year, an increase of 36% over 2022, according to information from the state Office of Cannabis Policy. But cannabis business owners who feel that Maine’s cannabis market is becoming oversaturated say that the numbers obscure the challenges licensed operators will face in the not-too-distant future. Maine’s licensed recreational marijuana retailers rang up 3.7 million transactions in 2022, raking in about $217 million in the process, according to information released by state regulators on Monday. The yearly total represents a 36% increase over the $159 million in sales recorded in 2022. John Hudak, director of the Office of Cannabis Policy, said the 2023 numbers do not tell the whole story about the health of Maine’s cannabis industry. “The sales numbers are up almost 40%. That’s a strong testament to how the industry continues to grow,” Hudak told the Portland Press Herald. “But hidden in these numbers, too, is a pretty significant decrease in price.” Cannabis prices decreased by about 16% overall in 2023, Hudak said, a drop that indicates that Maine’s cannabis growers are producing too much weed. While consumers appreciate the lower prices, the drop in profits can be bad news for producers and retailers. “Even with the increases in overall sales, the decreased prices do make it harder to operate,” Hudak said. “Eventually we’re going to see business closures.” The Maine legislature legalized recreational marijuana sales in 2018, with licensed sales of adult-use cannabis beginning in October 2020. Earlier legislation that legalized personal possession and home cultivation of cannabis went into effect in 2017. The early days of regulated recreational marijuana sales in Maine saw limited supply, resulting in high prices for consumers at the state’s retailers. But as more licensed operators ramp up their businesses, oversupply has become a significant issue for Maine’s legal cannabis industry. The average price of a gram of smokable cannabis flower was $16.68 when recreational marijuana sales began three years ago. In December of last year, the price had dropped to $7.53 per gram. Mark Benjamin, owner of the Botany cannabis dispensary in Rockland, said foot traffic has climbed steadily since he opened the shop in late 2021. But with falling prices coinciding with an increase in licensed retailers, he and his staff have created new incentives to encourage customers to spend more.  “There may be tens of millions of dollars flowing into (the market), but it is certainly spread out across more stores,” said Benjamin. With his business thriving, Benjamin is set to open a new Botany shop in Belfast, Maine in the next few days. But he acknowledges that some business owners have had a more difficult time succeeding, particularly those who do not have ready access to capital. “Everyone was dropping and dropping their prices in order to get enough cash in the door to cover their costs,” he said. “The weaker players are starting to drop out of the market,” he said. Hayden Stokes and Zach Dolgos are the owners of The Happy Canary, a cannabis cultivator that has been supplying Maine’s medical cannabis industry for the last six years. In December, they opened their Blue Lobster dispensary in Casco, Maine, the town’s first recreational marijuana retailer. Stokes said they hope to gain the license needed to grow for the adult-use market soon, seeing vertical integration as the key to the company’s success. “Having our own retail is a big part of the solution,” he said.  “When you have your own retail, you can set your own fate.” Hudak said that he believes that Maine’s cannabis industry will see a few more years of sales growth before the yearly total begins to plateau. David Vickers, owner of Origins Cannabis Company in Augusta and Manchester, said that he believes much of the industry’s growth will come from southern coastal towns. “You’re going to continue to see people flocking to Maine,” he said. “I don’t think we’ve hit the summit yet, but I think we’re certainly getting there. There are only so many people in Maine.” Vickers, Stokes and Benjamin all operate businesses that serve or will soon serve both the recreational and medical cannabis markets. They believe many medical marijuana businesses will soon either switch to recreational marijuana or end operations completely. In April, the Office of Cannabis Policy released a report warning about a “mass exodus” of the industry’s medical caregivers. In 2016, the number of caregivers hit a peak of about 3,250. By December 2023, the number had fallen to 1,763. “I’m seeing the medical side suffering as the recreational side increases,” Vickers said. “That to me, long term, may not be a good thing for Maine. We have so many small farmers that may very likely lose their livelihood.”

https://hightimes.com/

Dept. of Veteran Affairs To Fund Studies on Psilocybin and MDMA for PTSD, Depression

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) issued a request for applications (RFA) for proposals from its pool of researchers to study the vast potential of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin, the active compound is magic mushrooms, in treating post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. The organization is funding this type of research for the first time in decades. Through this new research initiative, the VA intends to collect definitive scientific evidence on the potential efficacy of MDMA and psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (or what they call psilocybin-augmented psychotherapy) to treat veterans living with PTSD and depression.  According to The New York Times, the last time that the VA explored psychedelics as a medical treatment was in 1963, when psychedelics were being explored for treating alcoholism and mental disorders. “This is the first time since the 1960s that VA is funding research on such compounds,” the announcement reads. Four government-funded researchers spoke with The New York Times in 2022 about their respective studies involving MDMA and psilocybin as a treatment for military veterans. Leaders echoed the organization’s support for solid evidence that could help to understand the relationship and eventually back up medical claims related to psychedelic-assisted therapy. “Our nation’s Veterans deserve the very best care, and VA is constantly supporting innovations to deliver that,” said Secretary of Veterans Affairs Denis McDonough. “This is an important step to explore the efficacy of a potential new set of promising treatments that could improve the health and quality of life for veterans.” PTSD represents a $230 billion estimated annual economic burden in the U.S., lending to the idea that alternative treatments are desperately needed. “Veterans and VA researchers have told us about the potential promise of psychedelics to treat mental health conditions for some time,” VA’s Under Secretary for Health Dr. Shereef Elnahal said in a statement. “Now is our chance to study this potential method of treating Veterans with PTSD and major depression across the country.” A spokesperson said that the VA had nothing additional to share to High Times. MDMA and psilocybin are controlled substances, but research on them can be conducted via rigorous regulatory approvals, including approvals from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).  The FDA granted breakthrough therapy status for MDMA for treating PTSD and psilocybin for treating depression in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The announcement notes that last September, a chorus of VA and other federal clinicians, scientists, and policymakers gathered in Denver, Colorado to assess the state of existing scientific evidence regarding psychedelic-assisted therapies. That helped to provide advice to VA leadership, recommending that their team begin funding their own studies into these compounds. This guidance was based on previously published studies that show promise, yet they did not include veterans.  Researchers at Johns Hopkins learned that psilocybin-assisted therapy, along with supportive therapy, can reduce symptoms of depression for up to 12 months. In addition, 86% of participants in a recent peer-reviewed study achieved a “clinically meaningful benefit” from using MDMA to treat PTSD. VA organizations including the American Legion, Disabled American Veterans, and mental health provider groups called for expanding research.  The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for fiscal year 2024, or H.R. 2740,  authorized the study of psychedelics within military populations by the Department of Defense. With this new announcement, VA will join the National Institutes of Health in supporting research that will yield insights for treating PTSD and depression. The new RFA will allow for the critical step of directly assessing the efficacy and safety surrounding MDMA and psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy–but this time, with Veterans. Keeping on the safe side, the VA added the disclaimer, “VA does not recommend psychedelics for use as part of a self-treatment program.” High Times reported recently that Lykos Therapeutics (formerly known as MAPS Public Benefit Corporation or MAPS PBC) submitted an application for FDA approval after more than three decades of clinical research into the potential use of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. MAPS PBC or Lykos Therapeutics is a subsidiary of the groundbreaking psychedelics nonprofit advocacy group the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), which has been working to develop new psychedelic-based treatments for decades. After reporting promising results from two clinical trials investigating MDMA-assisted therapy as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), MAPS PBC announced in January that the company planned to submit the new drug application (NDA) to the FDA in the third quarter of 2023. In phase 3 trials, 71% of participants reversed their PTSD diagnosis with no serious adverse events.  Research, even on medical cannabis for PTSD, has been severely hampered by its status as a schedule I narcotic under federal law.

https://hightimes.com/

Cannabeginners: What is Vaping?

Vape pens, portable vapes, desktop vaporizers, enails, and dabbing; vaping can take many forms and not every vaporizer and type of vaporization is created equally. What is clear is that vaping has had a seismic impact on the cannabis market, and with new products coming out every year, there is something for everyone.  There is a hot debate around what technically is vaporization and what is combustion. While water vaporizes at 100°C/212°F, everything has a different vaporization point, including all the different cannabinoids and terpenes in cannabis.  Most of the common terpenes in cannabis have a vaporization point between 155°C/311°F and 213°C/415°F. Most of the major cannabinoids have a vaporization point somewhere between 157°C/315°F and 220°C/428°F, but some, like the acidic cannabinoids THCa and CBDa begin to vaporize at lower temperatures, decarboxylating into THC and CBD with heat. In a 2006 study, Arno Hazekamp and his team of researchers observed that using the highest temperature setting on a Volcano vaporizer caused the “maximum delivery of THC,” as 33% of the THCa was converted to THC.  While those are the vaporization points, the point of combustion, where something burns, is a little different, but also depends on the substance being burned. For organic matter, like dried cannabis or books, Fahrenheit 451 is generally viewed as the temperature where combustion begins, but signs of combustion may happen sooner, like charring in areas more prone to burning (the leaf tips of cannabis versus the stems). The goal of effective and efficient vaporization is to access as many cannabinoids and terpenes as possible without causing combustion. By avoiding combustion, it is possible to avoid many of the carcinogens produced by smoking or charring food (yes, even the char in your barbeque has some carcinogens in it), which makes vaping much healthier than smoking.  So in short, a vaporizer should be creating vapor (in the case of cannabis, a diffuse fog of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other molecules), but not smoke, which requires combustion from excessive heat.  Most resources online say that the temperature range for a “low temperature dab” is between 400 and 500°F, which as we just learned, is potentially not vaporization depending on how close to 500°F it is. According to Leafly, dabbing temperatures range between 204°C/400°F and potentially over 316°C/600°F for “hot dabs.” A 2017 study looking at dabbing temperatures found that above 403°C/757°F, various toxicants could be formed including benzene and methacrolein, with the greatest amount being produced above 526°C/978°F.  So clearly, most dabbing is not technically a form of vaporization, as the temperature is too high and some combustion will occur, and possibly the formation of toxic by-products if the heat is not controlled. If an e-nail is used to keep temperatures well below 450°F then it would be true vaporization, rather than a combination of vaporization and combustion.  Conduction is the most basic type of heating, caused by direct transfer of heat. For example, heating a pot on your stove uses conductive heat from either the gas or electric burner to warm the pot. When it comes to cannabis, when the fire from a lighter is applied to a bowl of flower, the flower is ignited by direct conductive heat. Similarly, the nail in dabbing is heated by conduction either from a blowtorch or electric power supply.  Conduction-based vaporizers are known for being able to produce much bigger, thicker clouds of vapor, but runs the risk of burning the cannabis flower or concentrate, and that partial combustion results in a worse flavor. Even worse, a poorly designed conduction vaporizer can actually fully combust plant matter inside, causing a fire inside the vaporizer (which this author has observed in multiple conduction-based vaporizers). All vape pens use conductive heating, where a heating element is inside a cartridge filled with cannabis oil, and low quality devices will smolder the oil closest to the heat source, leading to partial-combustion rather than true vaporization of the oil.  While conduction was direct heat, like from a stovetop, convection is indirect heating, through air or the movement of another fluid, such as in a convection oven where the air is heated and that heated air cooks the food inside. The main benefit of convection is there is a much lower risk of combustion using an indirect heat source, as evidenced by convection ovens reaching temperatures over the point of combustion, but not burning the food inside.For cannabis vaporizers, convection means tastier vaping, as less of your terpenes are burnt off by harsh conductive heating. So while you may not be blowing massive clouds of, what could be smoke, you will be enjoying all the terpenes and natural flavors of the cannabis in your vape, with greater health benefits as there will be a lower chance of partial-combustion taking place. For these reasons, many vapers prefer the benefits of convective heating over conduction, as convection generally is truly vaporizing the product, but with conduction it really depends on the quality of the device being used.  Whereas convection and conduction both are forms of heating that differ when it comes to physical contact (how close the heat source is to the fuel/cannabis), induction is a radically different form of heating that has recently begun to see use in the cannabis vaporizer market. Induction is a form of heating that uses electromagnetic energy to pass heat through an inductor, causing something to heat up internally, rather than transferring heat to it through direct or indirect contact. As the heat is generated internally, this generally results in much faster heating. Faraday’s Law, the same principle that is behind the magic of a Faraday cage (where someone can be “electrocuted” but the suit absorbs it), is also what powers inductive heating in vaporizers and on induction stovetops. Like convection vaporizers, induction vaporizers produce a better tasting vapor and a smaller cloud than conduction. So in the end, what type of vaporization is best? It depends on what matters to you the most. If you want the biggest, thickest clouds you can blow, then you are looking for a conduction vape. If you want a better flavor and don’t care about blowing huge clouds (that may actually be smoke, rather than vapor), then go for a convection or an induction vaporizer.

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DEA Response Clarifies Psychedelic Mushroom Spores Are Legal Before Germination

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has made its position on psilocybin and psilocin, two psychedelic compounds produced by “magic” mushrooms, fairly clear as states across the U.S. have begun softening regulations on their therapeutic use.  Though it may seem contradictory under the current medicinal usage and continued scientific findings showing the potential benefits of psilocybin use under the supervision of a therapist, under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the compounds — like cannabis — are classified as Schedule I substances, deeming “no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.” Though at the start of 2024, the DEA’s Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section Chief Terrence Boos confirmed that mushroom spores, or the reproductive organ of mushrooms — similar to seeds, containing the genetic information needed for new mushrooms to grow and reproduce — are in fact not considered controlled substances under the CSA. The kicker? The spores must not contain psilocybin, psilocin or any other controlled substances under the CSA. So long as individuals do not actually let spores to germinate, allowing them to eventually grow into fungi containing controlled compounds, the DEA stated they are not classified as controlled substances, according to a response dated Jan. 2, 2024 clarifying the status. “If the mushroom spores (or any other material) do not contain psilocybin or psilocin (or any other controlled substance or listed chemical), the material is considered not controlled under the CSA,” the response reads, as first reported by Kight on Cannabis. “However, if at any time the material contains a controlled substance such as psilocybin or psilocin (for example, upon germination), the material would be considered a controlled substance under the CSA.“ While this may seem like a given, in that spores on their own do not contain forbidden compounds, the DEA confirmation still acts as a pivotal moment pertaining to the broader conversations surrounding natural psychedelics, like magic mushrooms. As psilocybin and psilocin have increased in mainstream popularity, many have questioned the legality of selling and using spore kits, with some even being convicted for possessing and selling these materials for public use, as noted by Kight in his report. It’s possible that sale of these kits may ramp up as the DEA confirmed its position, though the DEA also did not explicitly state that the sale of spore kits is lawful. Making matters even more complicated, some states explicitly prohibit the sale and use of spores on their own. Kight noted that the distinction ultimately lies in whether these kits are considered “drug paraphernalia,” which largely depends on how consumers use spore kits and how sellers market them. Drug paraphernalia includes “equipment, product, or material of any kind which is primarily intended or designed for use in manufacturing… [or] producing” a controlled substance.  Therefore, marketing a spore kit as a means to grow magic mushrooms, or even the act of purchasing a kit with the intent to grow mushrooms containing psilocybin or psilocin, could cause the seller or the user to be open to prosecution. Kight calls the DEA response a “positive clarification of a long-debated issue,” while cautioning readers around the widespread use and sale of spore kits: “At a minimum, buyers and sellers should understand the legal issues with a lawyer, and act accordingly,” Kight writes. The DEA recently clarified a similar issue pertaining to cannabis, in that cannabis is still a federally prohibited substance while the seeds used to produce the cannabis plant are not, so long as they do not exceed 0.3% THC by dry weight. Seeds falling under that threshold are classified as federally legal hemp, per the 2018 Hemp Bill, as confirmed by Boos in a January 2022 letter. While cannabis is currently in the midst of potentially being reclassified from Schedule I to Schedule III of the CSA, it appears that psilocybin and related compounds aren’t set to follow suit any time soon.  In December 2023, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected a motion for a rehearing of an earlier court decision in which lawyers for a Washington State doctor inquired about rescheduling psilocybin under the CSA.  Lawyers had asked the panel to revisit the ruling, specifically to address their argument that federal statute requires a referral to the FDA to conduct a “scientific and medical evaluation and scheduling recommendation.” The court ultimately ordered a remand back to the DEA, effectively denying the rehearing request. Still, it appears that the DEA is continuing to research the potential benefits behind psilocybin, along with a handful of other banned substances.  A DEA notice posted earlier this month noted a request for 20,000 grams of psilocybin in its 2024 aggregate production quotas, which was previously established in October at 8,000 grams and increased later to 15,000 grams. The DEA also requested 24,000 grams of psilocin, unchanged from its November 2023 amount. “There has been a significant increase in the use of schedule I hallucinogenic controlled substances for research and clinical trial purposes,” the DEA wrote. “DEA has received and subsequently approved new registration applications for Schedule I researchers and new applications for registration from manufacturers to grow, synthesize, extract, and prepare dosage forms containing specific Schedule I hallucinogenic substances for research and clinical trial purposes.”

https://hightimes.com/

Ohio Governor Calls For Ban On Intoxicating Hemp Products

Ohio Governor Mike DeWine last week called on state lawmakers to pass legislation to ban hemp products with psychotropic cannabinoids such as delta-8 THC, saying that the intoxicating products pose a risk to children. The legislature reconvenes this month, with lawmakers already planning to consider new legislation to regulate recreational marijuana, which was legalized by the state’s voters in November.  The House of Representatives is expected to return to the Ohio Statehouse on Wednesday, two weeks earlier than planned. The Senate will also return to session later this month, with cannabis regulation one of the top priorities for the state’s lawmakers. Ohio voters legalized recreational marijuana with the passage of Question 2 in the 2023 off-year election. The initiative legalizes cannabis for use by adults and sets the stage for regulated sales of recreational marijuana. The legislature’s Republican majority is planning to pass legislation to more closely regulate adult-use cannabis in the state. And at a press conference on January 3, the Republican governor called on lawmakers to pass legislation banning intoxicating hemp products including delta-8 THC and hemp-derived delta-9 THC, the cannabinoid largely responsible for the “high” experienced when smoking marijuana.  “It is intoxicating, it is something that needs to be banned, and again, the legislature could ban it,” DeWine said in a statement cited by local media. “These hemp products can be sold anywhere in the state of Ohio, and we have no jurisdiction, we have no laws to prohibit that, we can do absolutely nothing.” DeWine and GOP leaders in the legislature had originally hoped to pass a bill restricting some provisions of Question 2 before the initiative went into effect on December 7. After failing to reach a consensus, however, lawmakers delayed work on the legislation until the new legislative session.  The House is returning early to attempt to override DeWine’s veto of a bill limiting gender-affirming healthcare for children. In his remarks last week, the governor said the early return would allow lawmakers to revisit cannabis regulation, noting that he is concerned the lack of regulation will encourage unregulated marijuana sales.  “I will just say that since the house is coming back next week, this might be a good time to take up and deal again, something they did not do, which is to deal with the marijuana issue,” said DeWine. “We still have a situation in Ohio every single day where people can use marijuana, they can possess marijuana, they can even plant marijuana, grow it, but they can’t buy the seeds, legally they can’t buy marijuana.” The governor added that if the House is unable to pass legislation to regulate marijuana, he hopes that lawmakers will shift their focus to regulating intoxicating hemp products. “At the very least, if they can’t do that, I would hope they can deal with something that is very real across the state of Ohio and that is intoxicating hemp,” said DeWine. “I can take you, if you drive from here to the governor’s residence, we can take you to a place right there where kids, 12, 13, 14, any age can walk in and buy it.” Republican Senator Huffman is currently working on a bill to regulate intoxicating hemp products that is based on language contained in the state Senate’s proposal to regulate marijuana. Huffman said he wants to ensure that the legislation is balanced with concerns from the state’s hemp retailers, who say that a bill that is too restrictive could harm the industry.  “There are some really good CBD products out there, but there’s others that are manufactured in a way that are intoxicating and not safe,” Huffman said in an interview with Statehouse News Bureau, noting that language in a state budget proposal to regulate delta-8 THC and delta-9 THC was removed from the proposal last summer. In his comments last week, DeWine acknowledged Huffman’s efforts, noting that it might take a separate hemp cannabinoid regulation bill to pass muster with lawmakers in the state House of Representatives. “I know that the House has said they don’t want to take up marijuana in the same bill that they do intoxicating hemp,” said DeWine. “So, what Senator Huffman has started to do, and I just want to congratulate him and thank him for that, he is now drafting a separate bill.” The governor emphasized that state lawmakers should move quickly on regulating hemp cannabinoids in the interest of protecting children in Ohio. “If we want to talk about protecting kids, dealing with intoxicating hemp is something we need to deal with,” the governor said.

https://hightimes.com/

Two U.S. Companies Attempting To Send Rockets Back to the Moon

Two American companies will attempt to land on the moon for the first time since the Apollo missions, and the first attempt launched early Monday morning.  Pittsburgh-based Astrobotic Technology launched their lunar lander Monday morning and Houston-based Intuitive Machines launches in mid-February in tandem with a SpaceX flight, though both companies are aiming to land on the moon around the same time. Whichever company, if either, manages to safely land on the moon first will become the first private company in history to do so.  “They’re scouts going to the moon ahead of us,” said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson to the Associated Press.  Astrobotic Technology’s rocket will take about two weeks to get to the moon after which it will orbit the moon for about a month before attempting to land. Intuitive Machines has more of a straight shot and should land within a week of liftoff, but it’s either company’s game here due to the nature of space travel to be subject to delays or unexpected issues.  Neither company is bringing people on these missions, though NASA has expressed the desire to send people back to the moon in the near future. They currently have a manned mission slated for 2025 under their Artemis program but they have said it might be closer to 2027. The last two men to walk on the moon were Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission which marked the end of the space race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union as interest shifted away from space exploration due to the Vietnam War.  As it turns out, landing a rocket ship or any kind of space-traveling vessel on the moon is very difficult to pull off without crashing, not to mention incredibly expensive. The moon has a very limited atmosphere so there’s nothing to slow the rockets down as they come in for landing, which also essentially makes it near-useless to try and use a parachute. Anything that wants to land on the moon has to navigate and slow itself down using thrusters, which is much more difficult than it might sound given the moon is full of giant cliffs and craters and such. Attempts to land on the moon made by Russia, India, an Israeli nonprofit and a private Japanese company have all resulted in crash landings in the past.  “It’s going to be a wild, wild ride,” said Astrobotic’s chief executive John Thornton to the Associated Press Both companies have received grants in the ballpark of $80 million from NASA to develop their rockets and get them to the moon. According to the Associated Press, the Astrobotics rocket is about six feet tall with four legs and will be aiming to land on an area of the moon called the Bay of Stickiness. The Intuitive Machines rocket will be about 14 feet tall with six legs and will be aiming for what can be described as the moon’s south pole. This area is almost always covered in shadows and is believed to hold billions of pounds of ice which could be used to provide water and make rocket fuel. “It’s so rocky and craggy and full of craters at the south pole and mountainous, that it’s very difficult to find a lighted region to touch down safely,” said Intuitive Machines chief executive Steve Altemus to the Associated Press. “So you’ve got to be able to finesse that and just set it down right in the right spot.” Unfortunately, the Astrobotics rocket which took off Monday morning may already be experiencing issues. The company released statements shortly after launch explaining that their Peregrine rocket may be experiencing propulsion issues which could jeopardize the success of the mission.  “Unfortunately, it appears the failure within the propulsion system is causing a critical loss of propellant. The team is working to try and stabilize this loss, but given the situation, we have prioritized maximizing the science and data we can capture,’’ Astrobotics said in a statement on their website. “We are currently assessing what alternative mission profiles may be feasible at this time.” The Astrobotic’s lander was carrying several experiments for NASA as well as the ashes of 70 people intended to be spread on the moon. According to the Associated Press, ashes or DNA from another 265 people were stored on the upper part of the rocket which was intended to circle the sun after separating from the lunar lander.  Of those remains, ashes from three original Star Trek cast members and strands of hair from three U.S. presidents including George Washington, Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy were all on board. It was not immediately clear what would happen to all these remains if the Astrobotic’s mission were to fail, nor has anyone offered a satisfactory explanation as to why or how we have hair from all those presidents just lying around still.

https://hightimes.com/

Connecticut Cannabis Gifting Event Receives Cease-and-Desist Letter

In Connecticut, the “HighBazaar” is a private cannabis event that has been held since 2022. The Masonic Temple Day Spring Lodge in Hamden hosts these events, which in the past has attracted hundreds or even thousands of people. The event is what many news outlets and politicians call a cannabis “gifting party,” where attendees pay a fee for entry and can purchase cannabis accessories or obtain “gifts” that come with cannabis. Now, Connecticut Attorney General William Tong is claiming that the event violates state law. Tong recently sent a cease-and-desist letter to HighBazaar event hosts Joseph Accetulo and Cody Roberts. “Our office has become aware that you are involved in organizing recurring, unlicensed cannabis markets under the name HighBazaar. It appears that these events involve the illegal marketing and sale of cannabis outside of the regulated market and that the events are accessible to individuals under the age of 21,” stated the cease-and-desist letter. “These events appear to violate the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA), General Statutes § 42-110a, et seq., the Responsible and Equitable Regulation of Adult-Use Cannabis Act, General Statutes § 21a-420, et seq., and/or other applicable laws and regulations. We request that you cease holding these events immediately. If you do not do so, our office will explore all legal options.” Neither hosts have commented on the letter yet, but CT Insider spoke with Christina Capitan, CT CannaWarriors founder who has previously been involved with HighBazaar. Capitan described Tong and his office are “against us in service of a corporate monopoly puts [former Gov.] Ned Lamont as the Face of the Drug War 2.0.” “While we are disappointed, we are not surprised, as this is simply a continuation of Gov. Lamont’s efforts to criminalize cannabis home growers while simultaneously denying anyone without millions the ability to get a legal license in Connecticut,” Capitan said. Another CannaWarriors member, Ivellise Correa, explained the harmless nature of the events. “It’s just a flower. We’re not selling crack. This is a craft cannabis community,” Correa said. Not everyone is happy with the current state of Connecticut’s cannabis industry. Louis Rinaldo told CT Insider why now is the time to reevaluate these cannabis events. “It’s time for us to collectively pivot to a more populist solution, one that opens up the market to local small craft producers and caregivers,” Rinaldo said. While the HighBazaar has remained private, it has created a stark divide between advocates and politicians. “On one side we have a group of advocates whose net impact on cannabis policy has been regressive, after flaunting their exploitation of the gifting loophole and forcing state legislators to close it,” Rinaldo explained. “On the other side, we have elected officials who instead of serving the people, serve as enforcers of market share protectionism for the state’s four incumbent licensed producers. All while frustrated patients and consumers continue to source from outside Connecticut’s regulated market due to ongoing quality, pricing, and trust concerns.” In March 2022, House Bill 5329 was introduced and by May it was signed by Gov. Ned Lamont. It implemented limitations for cannabis gifting, as well as a charge violators $1,000 for gifting. Recreational cannabis sales launched in Connecticut in January 2023, allowed existing medical cannabis dispensaries to be licensed to sell adult-use cannabis. Immediately after sales began though, some legislators proposed changes to the state cannabis program, including new application fees. In February, Attorney General Tong sued five retailers for conducting delta-8 THC cannabis products sales under the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act. Cannabis products in Connecticut cannot be sold by unlicensed retailers and must meet rigorous testing and packaging requirements. Period,” said Tong. “Any unlicensed Connecticut retailer selling delta-8 THC products that purport to contain high levels of THC is breaking the law and may be subject to both criminal and civil penalties.” Meanwhile, adult-use cannabis sales in Connecticut continue to rise. As of December 2023, annual cannabis sales earned between January 2023-November 2023 reached $127 million. That includes an increase in monthly sales for every month last year, with January kicking off sales at $5.1 million, followed by increases in February ($7.02 million), March ($9.6 million), April ($10.2 million), May ($11.5 million), June ($12.5 million), July ($13 million), August ($14 million), September ($14.3 million), October ($14.7 million), and November ( $15.3 million). Data for December 2023 sales has not yet been reported by the Department of Consumer Protection. Medical cannabis on the other hand, has been fluctuating slightly in overall sales, with the lowest income recorded in January 2023 with $8.2 million, and the highest set at $12.6 million in March 2023. Recently in December 2023 though, where alcohol sales are prohibited on Christmas Day and New Year’s Day, cannabis sales were still permitted. “And, because we regulate many things you may be wondering about, Connecticut Law does not prohibit the sale of cannabis, or limit your ability to place wagers during the holidays,” said Consumer Protection Commissioner Bryan T. Cafferelli. “No matter how you choose to spend the holidays, please know your limit, arrange designated drivers and be respectful of the establishments and communities where you celebrate.”

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Study: Canadian MJ Legalization Has No Association with Increasing Psychosis Rates

Amidst the growing cannabis reform across the West, there have been growing conversations surrounding cannabis-induced psychosis, suggesting that regular cannabis use and highly concentrated products may exacerbate mental health symptoms as access increases. However, a recent study published in the International Journal of Drug Policy took a closer look at shifting cannabis policy following Canada’s cannabis legalization in October 2018, ultimately finding no association with legalization and increasing rates of cannabis-related psychosis. The research suggests that, at least so far, changing cannabis legislation is not related to increasing cases of psychotic disorders, though researchers also cautioned that “a longer post-legalization observation period … is needed to fully understand the population-level impacts of non-medical cannabis legalization.” The research highlights the concern that has made waves in recent years, with cannabis as a “risk factor in the onset and persistence of psychotic disorders” and the notion that recreational cannabis legalization could elevate these risks. A team of Canadian researchers examined regional changes in health services use and incidences of psychotic disorders over the months immediately following cannabis legalization through a cross-sectional interrupted time-series analysis from January 2014 to March 2020.  Researchers examined psychosis-related outpatient visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations and inpatient length of stay along with incident cases of psychotic disorders among people aged 14 to 60 years. Ultimately, researchers did not find evidence of increase in health service use or incident cases of psychotic disorders over the short-term period, 17 months, following cannabis legalization. However, they noted “clear increasing trends in health service use and incident cases of substance-induced psychotic disorders” throughout the 2014-2020 observation window as a whole. “Our findings suggest that the initial period of tight market restriction following legalization of non-medical cannabis was not associated with an increase in health service use or frequency of psychotic disorders,” authors concluded, stressing the need for a longer, post-legalization observation period to fully understand the population-level impacts of legalization and reform.  “Thus, it would be premature to conclude that the legalization of non-medical cannabis did not lead to increases in health service use and incident cases of psychotic disorder,” they state. The study adds to a growing body of research similarly affirming that cannabis reform is not associated with significant changes surrounding cannabis-induced psychosis. Another 2022 study looking at Canada’s cannabis legalization framework in relation to cannabis-induced psychosis and schizophrenia emergency department presentations also found that reform was not associated with these cases. Researchers still noted that there is a need for further research on the topic. Looking at the United States and recent reform trends, recent research has also suggested that states with legal cannabis programs do not have elevated rates of psychosis. A 2023 study looked at the relationship between adult-use cannabis legalization and psychosocial functioning among a cohort of 240 pairs of identical twins, with one residing in a state where adult-use cannabis was permitted and the other where it was criminally prohibited. While researchers noted a slight uptick in the frequency subjects reported cannabis use, they found that legalization was not positively correlated with increased psychotic or substance abuse disorder instances, along with other adverse outcomes. The research also found that those in legal cannabis states were less likely to engage with problematic alcohol use behaviors. Additionally, 2022 data examining a cohort of 233,000 European cannabis consumers found that cannabis consumption rarely triggers episodes of acute psychosis among those without a pre-existing psychiatric disorder. Authors reported that less than one-half of 1% of subjects reported ever having “cannabis-associated psychotic symptoms,” with those at higher risk being younger subjects and those with a prior diagnosis of bipolar, anxiety, or depressive disorder, or psychosis. While further research on the topic is still needed, many cannabis professionals, experts and advocates have deemed the new trend of associating legal cannabis with newly onset psychosis symptoms as a modern-day form of “reefer madness.” Many have drawn comparisons of these modern-day conversations, associating legal cannabis with psychosis symptoms and mental health concerns, as mirroring the conversations had in the 1900s, when cannabis use became more prominent and broader messaging suggested that cannabis use and access innately carries greater mental health risks across populations. While research has found a correlation between schizophrenia and heavy cannabis use, and psychiatrists have also long known that substance abuse disorders carry psychiatric comorbidities, there is limited evidence showing how this relationship translates to the general population. There is also limited information surrounding how much substance use disorders are driven by such comorbidities. Studies have shown that heavy alcohol use can be shown to cause organic psychosis and dementia, though these potential risks typically don’t promote the idea of avoiding alcohol use entirely, especially among those who don’t already have associated risk factors. Paul Armentano, deputy director of pro-cannabis advocacy organization NORML, wrote about this topic last year, noting that those with certain psychiatric disorders or predispositions may carry additional risks of increased mental health symptoms when it comes to cannabis consumption, “but sensationalizing the potential risks of cannabis will do little to protect them.” “Calling for the re-criminalization of cannabis in state-legal markets won’t either,” Armentano writes. “Rather, the establishment of a regulated market designed to keep cannabis products away from young people, and that provides clear warnings to those specific populations who may be more vulnerable to its effects — coupled with a policy of consumer education — is the best way to protect public health and mitigate consumers’ risks.”

https://hightimes.com/

Experts Say There’s a 5% Chance AI Could Make Us Extinct

For the past few years, artificial intelligence, usually referred to as AI, has been making major waves across the globe. Some love it, claiming it will open up new frontiers for business and automation, leaving the menial jobs to the robots. Others fear and hate it, claiming it is going to take over jobs and calling it out for replacing artist’s work.  And now, there’s a new concern floating around. Terrifyingly, some experts think that there is a small but significant chance that AI could actually make humanity go extinct. But is that mere speculation, or an actual concern we need to be worried about?  The findings in questions come from a 2023 survey of 2700 AI researchers who have published work at top conferences, and it is the largest compilation of such information. The survey asked participants about technological milestones, and the impact it will have on society, either good or bad. Nearly 58% of researchers said they consider there to be a 5% chance that AI could either cause human extinction or other catastrophic consequences for humanity.  “It’s an important signal that most AI researchers don’t find it strongly implausible that advanced AI destroys humanity,” says Katja Grace of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute in California, who authored this study. “I think this general belief in a non-miniscule risk is much more telling than the exact percentage risk.” Yep, this sounds very concerning to us, but not all experts are worried. Émile Torres of Case Western Reserve University in Ohio claims that many AI experts, in their words, “don’t have a good track record” when it comes to making AI predictions.They also said that AI researchers are by no means experts in forecasting the future of AI, and points to this 2016 survey that she says did a “fairly good job of forecasting” what things could look like for AI in the future.  Compared with the same survey when completed in 2022, many AI researchers made wrong predictions. They predicted AI would hit certain milestones earlier than previously predicted. This was likely spurred on by the release of ChatGPT in 2022 and the rush to make programs like that available once there was high demand.  The researchers from the survey predicted that within the next decade, there is a 50% or greater chance that AI will be able to tackle most of the 39 sample tasks that have been laid before them, including perfectly copying a pop song and coding a payment processing site. These are very different and complex tasks, but the researchers claimed that other things, like solving math problems that have plagued mathematicians for years or installing electricity in a home, could take longer.  The 2016 survey further predicted that there was a 50% chance AI would be able to outperform humans on every task by 2047, and that there was a 50% chance that human jobs could become fully automated by 2116. This was 13 and 48 years, respectively, earlier than the 2023 survey predicted.  This, of course, speaks to the overall fear that AI will take our jobs and make humans obsolete, which seems to be the biggest concern folk have right now. But again, Torres claims that a lot of these predictions should be taken with a grain of salt.  “A lot of these breakthroughs are pretty unpredictable, and it’s entirely possible that the field of AI goes through another winter,” they say, referencing what happened in the 1970s and ‘80s. During this time, funding and corporate interest dried up, as the technology was seemingly stalled. If advances don’t happen fast enough, either in line with predictions or what people think AI should be, that could happen again.  Researchers also warn that, while the far-off threat of human annihilation may seem like the scariest thing to consider, there are more immediate worries to keep in mind. Over 70% of AI researchers said that more immediate threats are deepfakes, manipulation of public opinion, engineered weapons, authoritarian control of populations, and worsening economic inequality.  The weapons and control sound terrifying, but we’re already starting to see issues with deepfakes and public opinion, so those threats seem very spot-on. Torres especially points out that AI can contribute to misinformation around issues like politics or climate change, which also seems like a more immediate thing to be concerned with.  “We already have the technology, here and now, that could seriously undermine [the US] democracy,” Torres adds. “We’ll see what happens in the 2024 election.”  In this sense, Torres seems spot-on. We are already seeing concern over the 2024 elections and what they will bring out in our society, so the added fuel of AI misinformation definitely does not seem positive.  So, the consensus seems to be that the future could be scary, but the AI threats are likely more immediate and mundane, rather than some far-off dystopian future scenario. 

https://hightimes.com/

Online Pharmacies Routinely Sell Dangerous Drugs Without Prescriptions

A BBC investigation revealed a plethora of online pharmacies in the U.K. appear to be selling medication without doctor approval.  The BBC said they bought over 1,600 prescription-only pills from 20 online pharmacies without general practitioner approval or any scrutiny other than an online questionnaire. The names of the pharmacies were withheld for obvious reasons, but they managed to purchase anti-anxiety medications, painkillers and sleeping pills as easily as one might purchase a sandwich at Subway.  This problem has been increasing in frequency for years but especially since certain restrictions for online prescribing were eased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This created what Thorrun Govind, a pharmacist, health lawyer and former chair of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society referred to as a “wild west” of online prescribing.  “The current guidance basically tells pharmacies to be robust, but do that in your own way, and we know that under this current system, patients have died,” Govind said to BBC. Of the 20 online pharmacies BBC attempted to purchase dangerous medications from: The problem isn’t universal across the board for every online pharmacy. According to BBC, a select few of the pharmacies they investigated followed up with them and asked for medical records or contact information for a general practitioner. One of these pharmacies, however, went so far as to send follow-up marketing emails regarding an addictive painkiller telling the investigators they had “something fabulous” in their cart and to “buy before time runs out.” Govind told BBC that pharmacies are able to get away with this because the language used to write these laws was written too vaguely. To be clear, she’s referring to laws in the U.K., but the same problem also exists in America too and abroad. The laws allow too much interpretation for the individual pharmacies to determine their own ways of verification, which has no doubt allowed unscrupulous pill peddlers to distribute dangerous medications without proper checks. “This has led to such a variation, with some online pharmacies asking for checks like video consultations, while others seem to let you simply click on the drug you want and go forward to pay,” Govind told BBC.  This has led to verifiable deaths in people who were able to abuse the online pharmacy system. Katie Corrigan, 38, from St Erth in Cornwall died after developing an addiction to prescription painkillers after she was prescribed them for neck pain. Her doctor opted to cut her off, but she was able to obtain the painkillers as well as an anti-anxiety medication from online pharmacies. Her parents told the BBC that stricter regulations are needed to prevent more deaths.  “Katie needed help, she didn’t need more medication,” Katie’s mom, Christine Taylor, told BBC.  Another woman who chose to remain anonymous told BBC she was able to purchase a weight loss drug intended for people about twice her actual weight without any difficulty.  “After taking it for a few days, I felt really bad – I couldn’t eat, I was exhausted and basically stopped functioning,” the woman told BBC.  “If I’d had to send a picture, or any proof of my weight, I don’t think I would have been prescribed it.” The problem is not limited to online pharmacies, either. Something the BBC investigation did not mention was the ease in which people are able to circumvent their country’s pharmaceutical laws by ordering whatever drug they seek from online marketplaces in countries with less regulation or oversight. I personally know at least a couple people who have ordered hundreds if not thousands of Xanax pills and painkillers from websites like IndiaMart. One of them was years before COVID happened too. It’s definitely sketchy, super illegal, and there’s no way to verify if the pills are real or pressed, so I would recommend avoiding this method like the plague and just getting what you need from a doctor, but if you’re savvy enough to be able to google what different brands of Xanax are called in other countries, and if you’re willing to roll the dice that U.S. Customs won’t look through your package, it’s as easy as shopping on Amazon. Whether you’re driving to Tijuana to buy Mexican Farmapram or ordering through middlemen in the Middle East, patients and dealers seem to find new and improved ways to avoid going through doctors for prescription medication almost daily.

https://hightimes.com/

New Study Shows Data on Cancer Survivors’ Cannabis Use, Effectiveness as Treatment

A study recently published in the Journal of Cancer Survivorship found evidence that a majority of participants who are cancer survivors used cannabis to manage their symptoms. The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute, the Betty B. Marcus Chair in Cancer Prevention, and the Duncan Family Institute for Cancer Prevention and Risk Assessment, and co-written by four researchers. It analyzed a total of 1,886 participants, where 17.4% said that they currently consumed cannabis, 30.5% described themselves as “former” consumers, and 52.2% had never used cannabis before. Those who were either currently consuming or former consumers (about 510 participants) said that they found relief in using cannabis for “sleep disturbance (60%), pain (51%), stress (44%), nausea (34%), and mood disorder/depression (32%).” Additionally, one-fifth of the 510 (91) participants specifically used it to treat cancer, and half of those 510 participants that used cannabis to treat a specific condition “perceived that cannabis was helpful to a great extent in improving their symptoms.” Only 167 participants said that they experienced negative side effects, including “suicidal thoughts (5%), intense nausea and vomiting (6%), depression (11%), anxiety (14%), breathing problems (31%), and interaction with cancer drugs (35%).” Ultimately, participants found cannabis to be useful in their treatment. For example, of those who used cannabis for their nausea, 73.6% described the benefits as effective “to a great extent,” while only 24.4% said it was effective “very little,” and 1.9% said it was not effective at all. Overall, half of participants said that cannabis was useful “to a great extent,” while less than half said it was “somewhat effective,” only approximately 5% said they found cannabis to offer very little benefits. Similar results were shown in the percentage of participants who used cannabis to treat cancer. Researchers wrote that 47.7% of participants found cannabis to be helpful in their treatment “to a great extent,” while 34.5% described it as “somewhat” useful, and 13.8% said there was “very little” usefulness, and only 4% said it wasn’t useful at all. Researchers also pointed out that most participants weren’t aware of the potential health risks of cannabis during their treatment. “Only a few were aware of the health risks of cannabis use during cancer management,” researchers wrote. “Of the 167 survivors who reported awareness of potential health risks from cannabis use, the awareness of adverse health risks associated with cannabis use was low: suicidal thoughts (5%), intense nausea and vomiting (6%), depression (11%), anxiety (14%), breathing problems (31%), and interaction with cancer drugs (35%).” In response to this data, researchers added the necessity for more research. “With most survivors reporting benefits from cannabis use in cancer management, there is a need for more studies to strengthen current evidence on cannabis therapeutics,” wrote researchers. “Also, there is a need for policies, clear guidelines, and cannabis-based educational programs for healthcare providers and survivors on the use, benefits, and risks of cannabis in cancer management.” Researchers further explained the importance of engaging in conversations about cannabis treatments with healthcare providers as well “…regarding the current state of evidence on cannabis use during cancer treatment to help them make informed decisions regarding their healthcare.” A NORML report published in late December shared that 32,000 peer-reviewed scientific research papers and reports have been published since 2013. Additionally, NORML said that recorded cannabis research has been going on since the 19th century. “As of this writing, PubMed.gov cites over 45,900 scientific papers on marijuana dating back to the year 1840. Available to the public online since 1996, PubMed is a free resource supporting the search and retrieval of biomedical and life sciences literature,” NORML wrote. Based on this information, NORML Deputy Director Paul Armentano argued against those who claim that there isn’t enough evidence of cannabis’ effectiveness as a treatment for many conditions. “Despite claims by some that marijuana has yet to be subject to adequate scientific scrutiny, scientists’ interest in studying cannabis has increased exponentially in recent years, as has our understanding of the plant, its active constituents, their mechanisms of action, and their effects on both the user and upon society,” said Armentano. “It is time for politicians and others to stop assessing cannabis through the lens of ‘what we don’t know’ and instead start engaging in evidence-based discussions about marijuana and marijuana reform policies that are indicative of all that we do know.” Meanwhile, research papers expressing the effectiveness of cannabis for cancer patients continue to grow in number. Earlier in 2023, one study conducted by both American, Canadian, and Irish researchers found that cannabis was both a safe and effective way to treat cancer pain. Later last year, a University of Buffalo researcher announced that they received a $3.2 million grant from the National Cancer Institute to study how cannabis affects cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy. Other psychedelic substances are also being studied in relation to cancer as well, such as an October 2023 study that showed how psilocybin and MDMA are useful in treating anxiety in cancer patients.

https://hightimes.com/

Wisconsin Governor Says He Can Support GOP Medical Cannabis Legalization Plan

Wisconsin Democratic Governor Tony Evers said last week that he can support a medical marijuana legalization bill, acknowledging that more comprehensive cannabis policy reform is unlikely to be approved by the state’s Republican majority legislature.  Evers has long supported legalizing recreational marijuana and has twice included plans to regulate and tax adult-use cannabis in state budget proposals. But Republican leaders in the state legislature have resisted calls to legalize recreational cannabis and declined to approve the governor’s proposals. Late last month, Republican leaders announced their intention to introduce a limited medical marijuana legalization bill in this year’s legislative session. On Wednesday, Evers said that he could potentially support the legislation, although he made it clear he preferred a broader marijuana legalization plan. “I would think that getting it all done in one fell swoop would be more thoughtful as far as meeting the needs of Wisconsinites that have asked for it,” Evers said in an interview with The Associated Press. “But if that’s what we can accomplish right now, I’ll be supportive of that.” In a separate interview, Evers clarified that he would support a clean medical marijuana legalization bill that avoids controversial provisions in order to make progress on cannabis policy reform this year. “Yes I would [be supportive] if there’s no poison pills,” Evers told local media. “Do I think we need to consider recreational marijuana? Of course,” the governor added. “I’ve been for it, so are a majority of the people [of] Wisconsin, but if this is a step in the right direction, let’s make it happen.” Republican lawmakers have been working on a medical cannabis legalization bill behind closed doors for months. In December, Republican Assembly Speaker Robin Vos said that the bill would be ready for the chamber as soon as this month. He added that he believes the Republican majority could approve the bill without support from Democrats seeking broader cannabis policy reform measures. “We have a bill that we’ll introduce in January on medical marijuana,” Vos told reporters. “Our caucus has spent a lot of time reaching a consensus among itself to make sure that we knew we had 50 Republican votes to be able to pass it. Because unfortunately my Democratic colleagues have said if we don’t go full recreational marijuana they’re not interested.” Vos said that the bill would be limited and modeled after the medical marijuana program in neighboring Minnesota before the state legalized recreational marijuana last year. “It is not going to be widespread,” Vos said in an interview cited by the Associated Press. “We are not going to have dispensaries on every corner in every city.” Wisconsin has become an island of marijuana prohibition as neighboring states Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota all legalized cannabis for adults over the past few years. Republican lawmakers acknowledge that some Wisconsinites believe it is time for their state to catch up. “People have been frustrated because they think it took us too long,” Vos told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. “Well, because it took us a long time to reach consensus. Because part of the problem that I fear is that Democrats want everything or nothing.” Senate Majority Leader Devin LeMahieu said there is a chance that a medical marijuana legalization measure could gain the support of a majority of the state’s lawmakers in the upcoming legislative session. “Depending on how that … bill is drawn up, there’s a potential of getting it through both houses, but I don’t know,” LeMahieu said. “I think they’re just working through the details. So if they get on the same page, then potentially.” Democratic Assembly Minority Leader Greta Neubauer said Democrats in the legislature were open to discussing the GOP medical marijuana legalization plan. “We hope that it’s a serious proposal from our colleagues that addresses the past harms that have been caused by the criminalization of marijuana and that really allows access for the people who need it,” Neubauer said last month. Other proposals to reform cannabis policy in Wisconsin are already pending in the state legislature. In September, Democratic state Senator Melissa Agard introduced a bill to legalize recreational marijuana. She said last month that she might support a more limited bill that only legalizes medical marijuana, but “I remain skeptical as to whether or not this is it,” adding her offer to help Republicans with the legislation was rejected. Additionally, a bipartisan group of Wisconsin lawmakers last month introduced a bill to decriminalize possession of small amounts of marijuana. The legislation, which was unveiled by the legislators earlier month, would end criminal penalties for possession of up to half an ounce of marijuana, making such offenses punishable by a fine of up to $100. Those convicted of simple marijuana possession would no longer be subject to time behind bars.  Cannabis policy is widely supported by Wisconsin voters. In a recent Marquette Law School Poll, 64% of adults surveyed supported legalizing marijuana in Wisconsin. In 2019, the poll found 83% said they were in favor of legalizing medical marijuana.

https://hightimes.com/

From the Archives: Bring Me Your Love (1983)

Harry walked down the steps and into the garden. Many of the patients were out there. He had been told that his wife, Gloria, was out there. He saw her sitting alone at a table. He approached her obliquely, from the side and a bit from the rear. He circled the table and sat down across from her. Gloria sat very straight, she was very pale. She looked at him but didn’t see him. Then she saw him. “Are you the conductor?” she asked. “The conductor of what?” “The conductor of verisimilitude?” “No, I’m not.” She was pale, her eyes were pale, pale brown. “How do you feel, Gloria?” It was an iron table, painted white, a table that would last for centuries. There was a small bowl of flowers in the center, wilted dead flowers hanging from sad, dangling stems. “You are a whore-fucker, Harry. You fuck whores.” “That’s not true, Gloria.” “Do they suck you too? Do they suck your dick?” “I was going to bring your mother, Gloria, but she was down with the flu.” “That old bat is always down with something. Are you the conductor?” The other patients sat down at the tables or up against the trees or they stretched out on the lawn. They were motionless and silent. “How’s the food here, Gloria? Do you have any friends?” “Bad. And no. Whore-fucker.” “Do you want anything to read? What can I bring you to read?” Gloria didn’t answer. Then she brought her right hand up, looked at it, curled it into a fist and punched herself in the nose, hard. Harry reached across and held both of her hands. “Gloria, please—” She began to cry, “Why didn’t you bring me any chocolates?” “Gloria, you told me you hated chocolates.” Her tears rolled down profusely. “I don’t hate chocolates! I love chocolates!” “Don’t cry, Gloria, please. I’ll bring you chocolates, anything you want. Listen, I’ve rented a motel room just a couple of blocks away, just to be near you—” Her pale eyes widened. “A motel room? You’re in there with some fucking whore! You watch X-rated movies together, there’s a full-length mirror on the ceiling!” “I’ll be right near you for a couple of days, Gloria, so I want to bring you everything you need—” “Bring me your love, then,” she screamed. “Why the hell don’t you bring me your love?” A few of the patients turned and looked. “Gloria, I’m sure that there is nobody who cares for you more than I do.” “You want to bring chocolates! Well, jam those chocolates up your ass!” Harry took a card out of his wallet. It was from the motel. He handed it to her. “I just want to give you this before I forget. Are you allowed to phone out? Just phone me if you need anything at all.” Gloria didn’t answer. She took the card and folded it into a small square. Then she bent down, took off one of her shoes, put the card in the shoe and put the shoe back on. Then Harry saw Dr. Jensen approaching from across the lawn. Dr. Jensen walked up smiling and saying, “Well, well, well…” “Hello, Dr. Jensen,” Gloria spoke. “May I sit down?” the doctor asked. “Surely,” said Gloria. The doctor was a heavy man, he reeked of weight and authority. His eyebrows looked thick and heavy, they were thick and heavy. They wanted to fall into his wet circular mouth and vanish but life wouldn’t let them. The doctor looked at Gloria. The doctor looked at Harry. “Well, well, well,” he said, “I’m really pleased with the progress we’ve made—” “Yes, Dr. Jensen, I was just telling Harry how much more stable I felt, how much the consultations and the group sessions have helped. I’ve lost so much of my unreasonable anger, useless frustrations and much of my destructive self-pity—” The doctor smiled at Harry. “Gloria has made a remarkable recovery!” “Yes,” Harry said, “I’ve just noticed.” “I think it will only be a matter of a little more time, and then Gloria will be home with you again, Harry—” “Doctor?” Gloria asked. “May I have a cigarette?” “Why, of course,” the doctor said, pulling out a pack of exotic cigarettes and tapping one out. Gloria took it and the doctor extended his gold-plated lighter, flicked it to flame. Gloria got her light, inhaled, exhaled… “You have beautiful hands, Dr. Jensen,” she said. “Why, thank you, my dear—” “And a mind that saves, a mind that cures—” “Well, we do the best we can around the old place… Now, if you’ll both excuse me, I have to check out a few other patients.” He got his bulk up from the chair and made toward a table where a woman was visiting a man. Gloria stared at Harry. “That fat fuck eats nurses’ shit for lunch.” “Gloria, it’s been good seeing you, but it was a long drive and I need some rest. And I think the doctor’s correct, I’ve noticed some progress.” She laughed. But it wasn’t a joyful laugh, it was a stage laugh, like a part memorized. “I haven’t made any progress at all. In fact, I’ve retrograded… immensely.” “That’s not true, Gloria—” “I’m the patient, Fishhead. I can make a better diagnosis than anybody.” “What’s this ‘Fishhead’?” “Hasn’t anybody ever told you that you have a head like a fish?” “No.” “Next time you shave, take a look. And be careful not to cut your gills off.” “I’m going to leave now, but I’ll visit you again, quite soon.” “Next time bring the conductor.” “You sure I can’t bring you something?” “You’re just going to that motel room to fuck some whore.” “Suppose I bring you a copy of New York? You used to like that magazine—” “Jam New York up your ass, Fishhead! And follow it with Time!” Harry reached across and squeezed the hand she had hit herself in the nose with. “Keep it together, you’re going to be well soon.” Gloria gave no response. Harry got up, turned and walked toward the stairway. When he got halfway up the stairs he turned and gave Gloria a little wave. She sat, motionless. _________________ They were in the dark, going good, when the phone rang. Harry kept going but the phone kept going. It was very disturbing. Soon, his cock went down. “Shit,” he said and rolled off. He switched on the lamp and picked up the phone. “Hello?” It was Gloria. “You were fucking some whore!” “Gloria, do they let you phone this late? Don’t they give you a sleeping pill?” “What took you so long in answering the phone?” “Don’t you ever take a crap? I was in the middle of a good one, you got me in the middle of a good one.” “I’ll bet I did. You going to finish after you get me off the phone?” ”Gloria, it’s your goddamned extreme paranoia that has gotten you where you are.” “Fishhead, my paranoia is often the forerunner of an approaching truth—” “Listen, get yourself some sleep. I’ll come see you tomorrow—” “Okay, Fishhead, finish your fuck!” Gloria hung up. Nan was in her dressing gown, sitting on the edge of the bed with a whiskey and water on the night table. She lit a cigarette and crossed her legs. “Well,” she asked, “how’s the little wifey?” Harry poured a drink and sat down beside her. “I’m sorry, Nan—” “Sorry for what, for who? For her or me or what?” Harry drained his shot of whiskey. “Let’s not make a goddamned soap opera out of this thing.” “Oh, yeah? Well, what do you want to make out of it? A roll in the hay? You want to try to finish? Or would you rather go into the bathroom and beat it off?” Harry looked at Nan. “Goddamn it, don’t get smart-ass! You knew my situation as well as I did. You were the one who wanted to come along!” “That’s because I thought if you didn’t take me you’d bring some whore!” “Oh, shit,” said Harry, “there’s that word again.” ”What word? What word?” Nan drained her glass, threw it against the wall. Harry walked over, picked up her glass, filled it, handed it to Nan, then filled his own. Nan looked down into her glass, took a hit, put it down on the nightstand. “I’m going to phone her, I’m going to tell her everything!” “Like hell you will! That’s a sick woman!” “And you’re a sick son of a bitch!” Just then the phone rang again. It was in the center of the room where Harry had left it. They both leaped from the bed and charged toward the phone. On the third ring they both landed, each holding a piece of the receiver. They rolled, breathing heavily, all legs and arms and bodies in desperate juxtaposition, being reflected in the full-length overhead mirror.  Read the full issue here.

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