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Hemp News, Laws & Product Updates

A curated news hub focused on hemp regulation and policy changes, cannabinoids (CBD/Delta-8/Delta-9/hemp-derived THC), lab testing and COAs, product safety, brands, and industry trends.

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https://hightimes.com/

More Than 150 Oklahoma Dispensaries Face New State Fines

More than 150 Oklahoma medical marijuana dispensaries have received letters from state regulators notifying owners that they owe thousands of dollars in fines for transactions that do not comply with the state’s medical cannabis regulations. Some providers could also lose their licenses for selling too much medical marijuana in a single transaction, according to a spokesperson for the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority (OMMA). The letters, one of which has been shared with High Times, notify owners that the potentially illegal transactions occurred between January and May of this year. The correspondence also informs the businesses that a November court date has been set in relation to the alleged violations. Dispensary owner Rob Speight is one of several business owners who say the letter came as a shock, adding that he is unsure how he will afford to pay the fine. “It is saying that I’m getting charged $5,000 for a transaction that was over the limit of 84 grams,” Speight, who received the letter from OMMA last week, told local media. He also adds that the letter is lacking in detail and does not contain basic information such as the date of the flagged transaction. “We don’t know exactly when it was, I’m not saying it didn’t happen,” said Speight. “We don’t make a habit of ever overweighing the legal limit…it’s simple, you just break it up into a second transaction.” Under Oklahoma’s medical marijuana laws, purchases by patients are limited to 84.9 grams (about 3 ounces) of cannabis flower, 28.3 grams (one ounce) of cannabis concentrate, 72 ounces of marijuana edibles, six mature cannabis plants and/or six cannabis plant seedlings. Transactions that exceed the stated limits are contrary to the state’s regulations and subject owners to fines. Jed Green, the director of the medicinal cannabis advocacy group Oklahoman’s for Responsible Cannabis Action, met with OMMA officials last week in an effort to gain more information about the letters and alleged rule infractions. “It has left some of our business owners scrambling. Especially those who truly are compliant…to go back looking for a needle in a haystack of say one potential violation over 10s of thousands of transactions,” Green said. “OMMA has indicated that they will make those violations known… it would be nice if that might have been more isolated up front.”  Green added that technical glitches in the OMMA’s tracking system could be responsible for some of the alleged infractions. “We talked about the way mathematics were being done in conversion of standard American units to metric units,” Green said. “We were discussing that and wanting to ensure that OMMA was being thorough and that in some of these cases there could be some glitches between multiple software systems.” The letters note that upon the first violation, offenders are subject to a fine of $5,000. Subsequent violations are levied fines of $15,000. The letter shared with High Times, which was sent to a business owner who wishes to remain anonymous, detailed three violations, bringing the total fines assessed to $35,000. Some dispensary owners fear that the penalties could put them out of business. “It’s also a crisis to the business owners to get fined so much that it’s shutting people’s door is it’s costing them their livelihood,” said Cynthia Myers, the owner of three dispensaries. “I’ve been in this five years and in November….I don’t have $30,000 to pay a fine on top of raising other permits and stuff, too.” In a statement to local media, OMMA public relations manager Porsha Riley said that some of the dispensaries that received letters also face losing their license to serve patients. “As the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority, we are responsible for regulating the medical cannabis industry in our state. That responsibility includes upholding the highest standard of compliance,” Riley said in a statement. “Our agency recently filed petitions against 161 licensed dispensaries for sales over the legal limit. Of those 161 cases, 39 seek fines and revocation of licenses; 122 seek fines. Enforcing legal limits on sales is essential to maintaining the integrity of our medical market, preventing unauthorized use or distribution, and controlling oversupply.” Speight said he faces a court date on November 8 to answer for the alleged violation. “I have to obtain a lawyer, to go to court, to challenge something that I actually have no idea what, where, or when it happened,” he said. According to the letters, business owners who have their licenses revoked are ineligible to apply for a new license for a period of five years. Bri Padilla, the executive director of the trade group The Chamber of Cannabis, said that some dispensary owners had reached out for help about compliance before the letters were issued but did not receive the support they needed. “What is particularly concerning, is that operators and lawmakers in Oklahoma have been asking for support as it relates to seed-to-sale tracking options since before January of this year. Now, we are seeing operators fined, shut down, and otherwise threatened due to potential glitches in software. That is unacceptable and merits inspection,” Padilla wrote in a statement to High Times. “As all Cannabis programs roll out and grow, some hiccups are to be expected but issues of this scope simply should not be happening.”

https://hightimes.com/

Ed Sheeran Recalls Getting Outsmoked by Snoop Dogg Backstage, ‘I Can’t See Right Now’

On Monday’s Oct. 2 episode of Conan O’Brien’s podcast, Conan O’Brien Needs a Friend on SiriusXM Garage, Ed Sheeran, 32, laughed and discussed many things including getting high as hell at a sesh with Snoop Dogg, 51, backstage after a concert in Australia last March. Even though Sheeran’s mother-in-law and wife were nearby, he couldn’t resist crossing off his bucket list goal of smoking weed with Snoop at some point, and fortunately for fans, most of the encounter is posted all over Instagram.  On March 4, during Snoop’s Melbourne, Australia stop of his I Wanna Thank Me Tour at Melbourne Park, Snoop Dogg presented both Sheeran and actor Russell Crowe with gold Death Row Records chains in a dressing room backstage. (Snoop said “I wanna thank me” during his speech after receiving his Hollywood Walk of Fame star in 2019). They both appear to love the chains in Snoop’s Instagram Reel of the interaction, and there’s a weed cloud emanating in the dressing room in the video. The Reel received over 50,000 likes. Crowe bobbed his head to the music in the video as he opened up the box with his chain. At this point, Sheeran looks coherent, and he posted his own Instagram post with a pic with Snoop and a big smile, managing to type “I had a good time.” Snoop also posted a pic on Instagram of the encounter, putting on Sheeran’s chain, and writing “Amazing. Mr. Ed.”  Sheeran toked up with Snoop in the dressing room until he “couldn’t see.” Sheeran’s wife Cherry Seaborn, and mother-in-law were also around as they are friends with Crowe.  “I’ve sort of got quite close friends with Russell Crowe over the years and he is really close with Snoop Dogg,” Sheeran admitted to Conan. “I was in the dressing room and they’re just [smoking] like blunt for blunt for blunt for blunt. I was like, I guess at some point during the night, I have to, just to say I smoked with Snoop Dogg.” Snoop told ET last year that Crowe and himself smoked together at some point, when they asked him to drop the name of a secret smoker celebrity. Anyone who is knowledgeable in the field of pot knows that if you haven’t smoked in a few months or more—you’re going to get tore. But Sheeran was the first to admit he’s not an every-day smoker. “He was like, ‘Do you want some?’ and I was like, now’s the time,” Sheeran said. “We were having a good conversation. So I have a bit and I was like, I don’t feel too bad, this is good. Then I have a bit more, and then I have a bit more, and then I have a bit more.”  “I just remember looking at him and being like, I can’t see right now,” Sheeran said, as O’Brien and the studio audience laughed. Last year, Sheeran also remembered another event in 2013 when he said he took one hit of The Game’s weed and was gone, while the rapper stayed in the studio unfazed. During the leg of the tour, Snoop also shared fan letters from fans in Australia in a video the next day. While Sheeran was high af, it was probably nothing for Snoop. Snoop said he estimated that he smokes 81 blunts per day in a 2013 Twitter/X post, and later said he smokes 75-150 blunts per day in an Australian podcast in 2022. This explains the need for a full-time blunt roller. Snoop Dogg announced on Dec. 29, 2022 that Death Row Records would be entering the cannabis game with Death Row Cannabis. Despite being a celebrity brand, it was popular with High Times readers for a few reasons. The man who curates Death Row Cannabis is the one and only, mighty AK—“hand-selected by Snoop himself.” AK is best known for his role alongside former partner Wizard Trees in sprouting, selecting, and cultivating strains such as RS11 (aka Rainbow Sherbert #11), Studio 54, and Shirazi from breeder DEO Farms. Last April, High Times interviewed Death Row Cannabis CEO Tiffany Chin. Last May, Death Row Cannabis dropped three new strains—Strawberry Gelato, LA Runtz, and SFV OG—at select locations across California. O’Brien frequently interviews Snoop Dogg as well. O’Brien launched a podcast for several reasons, including the need to be free from FCC regulations. “After 25 years at the Late Night desk, Conan realized that the only people at his holiday party are the men and women who work for him. Over the years and despite thousands of interviews, Conan has never made a real and lasting friendship with any of his celebrity guests. So, he started a podcast to do just that.” The encounter between Snoop and Sheeran is hardly surprising.

https://hightimes.com/

Cannabeginners: Cannabinoids Without the Cannabis

Even though cannabinoids are named for the cannabis plant, cannabinoids and chemicals that interact with our endocannabinoid system (ECS) are not exclusively found in cannabis. Research going back more than 40 years has demonstrated that a range of plants can have pronounced impacts on our ECS, and more recent research has shown some of those plants to be capable of producing their own phytocannabinoids.  Even though preliminary studies done decades ago hinted that some plants could impact the ECS, it took until 2008 to properly identify the first dietary cannabinoid, something that was not a cannabinoid but interacted with the ECS and was part of a normal human diet. Jürg Gertsch led a team of researchers looking at the impacts of β-Caryophyllene (BCP), “the primary sesquiterpene contributing to the spiciness of black pepper,” and a major terpene in cloves, hops, rosemary, and cannabis. In their pioneering study, Gertsch and his colleagues found that, despite BCP having a totally different structure than cannabinoids, it interacted with the CB2 receptor in a cannabinoid-like way, and produced a range of potential medical benefits.  It would seem that 2008 was a big year for researching cannabimimetic compounds (non-cannabinoids that interact with the ECS), and that same year a team of researchers looking at olive oil made some striking discoveries. They found that, “short-term feeding of  [a] Mediterranean diet high in monounsaturated fat, diet high in saturated fat, or diet high in polyunsaturated fat … can affect tissue levels of endocannabinoids.” By 2014, the Italian cannabinoid researcher Mauro Maccarone found that “By adding olive oil to an animal’s diet, we can restore a normal CB-1 receptor level that will protect cells against cancer.” The next study to advance our understanding of olive oil’s impact on the ECS found that “olive oil significantly induced CB2 receptor expression and it was able to control inflammatory and proliferative activity,” suggesting further benefits against cancer.  These effects were so fascinating that by 2019 the Father of Cannabis Research, Raphael Mechoulam, was doing his own investigations. He told MG Magazine in an interview,  “we found the derivative [of olive oil] —an anandamide-like compound—which most definitely is a very potent anti-osteoporotic compound.” His findings suggest that the cannabimimetic compounds in olive oil were not just potent against inflammation and cancer, but also osteoporosis.  Last week a study was released, offering the most current look at the “endocannabinoid-like mediators” found in olive oil. Their findings suggest that olive oil can both help rebalance gut microbiota but also could help prevent over-eating.  Earlier this year the Internet was abuzz with stories about the wooly umbrella plant’s uncanny ability to produce more than 40 different cannabinoids. While that isn’t close to the more than 100 known phytocannabinoids in cannabis, it is the most cannabinoids produced by any non-cannabis plant, and offers a new and unique way to obtain cannabinoids. Wooly umbrella, also called Helichrysum umbraculigerum, is a perennial herb from South Africa with velvety yellow flowers, commonly used as an ornamental plant in gardening, related to daisies, sunflowers and lettuce. Even though wooly umbrella is not related to cannabis, interestingly, the biochemical pathway used to synthesize the cannabinoids is the same. Wooly umbrella has long been burned in folk rituals to release intoxicating fumes, which may be why German scientists studied it more than four decades ago, and found evidence that it could produce cannabinoids, findings that were unable to be replicated until this year’s study. Specifically, the researchers found six cannabinoids that were identical to those in cannabis, including CBG, though they were not able to find THC or CBD. As CBG is derived from CBGa, which can also become THCA, CBDA and CBCA (which then convert to THC, CBD, and CBC), it wouldn’t be unreasonable to expect that you could find THC or CBD. In addition to the known cannabinoids found in wooly umbrella, the researchers discovered more than thirty new phytocannabinoids. So far we’ve been talking about naturally occurring cannabinoids and cannabimimetics found in plants, but what about cutting edge scientific efforts to tweak plants, fungus, and bacteria to produce cannabinoids? A team of researchers out of UC Berkeley had the idea to tweak brewer’s yeast to brew up something much more interesting than just alcohol – cannabinoids. In 2019, they announced the “Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast,” effectively turning simple sugars into cannabinoids; in other words, spinning gold from straw. In a nutshell, they engineered a yeast to contain cannabis genes and produce the needed chemical precursors to make cannabinoids. “For the consumer, the benefits are high-quality, low-cost CBD and THC: you get exactly what you want from yeast,” said Jay Keasling, a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “It is a safer, more environmentally friendly way to produce cannabinoids.” A 2022 study by a different group of researchers noted that this sort of engineering can be done not just with yeast, but also with bacteria. At least one company, Hyasynth Bio, has attempted to bring products to market made using cannabinoids from yeast. It may not sound as appealing as using brewer’s yeast as the starting point, but multiple teams of researchers are tweaking algae to produce cannabinoids. As early as 2018, the US Patent And Trademark Office received at least one application regarding a “method for producing a cannabinoid in algae.” In 2020, a team of researchers based out of the University of Quebec, partnered with the Canadian government, announced they were “the first to demonstrate that cannabinoids can be successfully grown in microalgae.” While algae is large enough to be seen with the naked eye, microalgaes are single-celled organisms and may be prokaryotic (like cyanobacteria) or eukaryotic (like green algae).  While this article focused on black pepper, olive oil, wooly umbrella, and engineering algae or yeast, that is by no means an exhaustive list of non-cannabis sources for things that interact with the ECS.  Gertsch, the same researcher who identified BCP as a dietary cannabinoid, followed up on his 2008 study with another two years later that did a deep dive into plants containing cannabimimetics. Back in the 1990s, some constituents in chocolate were shown to inhibit the breakdown of anandamide, offering some benefits to the ECS. Soon after, some alkamides in echinacea were demonstrated to interact with the CB2 receptor. Those benefits of chocolate and echinacea to the ECS were further supported by additional studies in the early 2000s. The common rue and brassica vegetables (i.e. cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli) have been shown to contain the anticarcinogenic metabolite 3,3′-diindolylmethane, which interacts with the CB2 receptor. The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum was also found to display “indirect cannabimimetic effects at CB1” but the mechanism of action is unknown. Finally, a 2018 study found that a chemical in liverwort “resembles THC in its 3D shape, and can bind to many of the same cannabinoid receptors as THC.” Despite all these many ways to produce cannabinoids from something other than cannabis plants, none has seen mass use in the marketplace yet. It is only a matter of time before consumers will need to decide between more than just cannabis or hemp derived products, and may need to consider cannabinoids from yeast, bacteria, algae, or even wooly umbrella. 

https://hightimes.com/

Gov. Newsom Signs Bill Allowing MDMA, Psilocybin Prescriptions If/When Feds Reschedule

Governor Gavin Newsom has signed a bill into law which would allow California doctors to immediately begin writing prescriptions for MDMA and psilocybin medications should the federal government choose to reschedule them. Gov. Newsom signed AB 1021 on Saturday in an effort to prepare California doctors ahead of expected federal movement regarding psychedelics like MDMA and psilocybin, which have increasingly shown effectiveness against several different mental health related issues. MDMA and psilocybin mushrooms are currently considered Schedule 1 narcotics under the Controlled Substances Act. “Notwithstanding any other law, if a substance listed in Schedule I of Section 11054 is excluded from Schedule I of the federal Controlled Substances Act and placed on a schedule of the act other than Schedule I, or if a product composed of one of these substances is approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration and either placed on a schedule of the act other than Schedule I, or exempted from one or more provisions of the act, so as to permit a physician, pharmacist, or other authorized healing arts licensee acting within their scope of practice, to prescribe, furnish, or dispense that product, the physician, pharmacist, or other authorized healing arts licensee who prescribes, furnishes, or dispenses that product in accordance with federal law shall be deemed to be in compliance with state law governing those acts,” the bill said. In layman’s terms, all that legal language means that AB 1021 actually allows for any substance currently listed under Schedule 1 (heroin, LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, cannabis and peyote to name a few) to be prescribed by California doctors if rescheduled, not just limited to MDMA and psilocybin though they are the current most likely candidates for rescheduling other than cannabis. The bill actually specified that none of these changes apply to cannabis because they have already been addressed in other legislation. “This section does not apply to cannabis or a cannabis product, as defined in Section 26001 of the Business and Professions Code. However, cannabis or cannabis products may be authorized pursuant to Section 11150.2,” the bill said. AB 1021 does not allow for doctors to start writing prescriptions just yet but after years of research and studies the FDA could be prepared to reschedule these medications as early as next year, further confirmed by recent results of a phase 3 clinical trial which concluded that MDMA effectively reduced symptoms for treatment-resistant patients with moderate to severe PTSD.  “Thanks to the combined efforts of dozens of therapists, hundreds of participants who volunteered in MAPS-sponsored trials, and many thousands of generous donors, MDMA-assisted therapy is on track to be considered for approval by the FDA in 2024,” said Rick Doblin, founder and president of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) which sponsored the study.  Gov. Newsom also signed a bill into law on Saturday concerning cannabis edible testing. AB 623 essentially established what’s called a testing variance for edible cannabis products that are considered lower-dose than the current standard dose of 10 milligrams.  A testing variance means that it’s hard to make cannabis edibles all exactly one very specific dose so the law currently allows for the dose to be off plus or minus 10 percent of the 10 milligram dose, loosely meaning if it falls within 9-11 milligrams it will pass. What AB 623 did was require the California Department of Cannabis Control to establish what the variance should be for products that have less than five milligrams of THC in total to provide more consistency (less variance) for people who use lower-dose products. “Ultimately, this bill tasks the [the Department of Cannabis Control] with the responsibility to determine what the appropriate testing variances should be for those products with a lower level of THC than what is currently specified in statute as 10 milligrams to ensure that testing standards are consistent, accurate and appropriate for smaller dosing sizes,” said state analysis of the bill. Still sitting on the governor’s desk is a bill that would decriminalize psychedelics in California, a bill that would severely restrict packaging options for California cannabis companies, a bill to legalize cannabis cafes, some proposed changes to the track and trace system, a bill that would let certain elderly people with chronic diseases consume cannabis at the hospital, and a bill that would prevent employers from asking about past cannabis use on job applications. 

https://hightimes.com/

Michigan Drug Testing for Pot Ends for Most Government Employees

Most government jobs in Michigan will stop drug testing prospective employees for cannabis, per a rule change that took effect Sunday. The changes also provide people who’ve already been denied jobs over positive THC drug tests an opportunity to get the sanctions retroactively rescinded. The rule change was first proposed to the Michigan Civil Service Commission by John Gnodtke, State Personnel Director, on May 12. At a July 12 meeting, the Michigan Civil Service Commission approved the proposed new changes and adopted rule amendments to allow rescinding active sanctions for some applicants who tested positive for cannabis in drug tests since 2020.  “When a drug test is required, an appointing authority shall require testing for marijuana, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, and phencyclidine, except that marijuana testing is not authorized for a preemployment drug test for a new hire to a position that is not test‐designated and cannot be used to rescind a conditional offer of employment to such a position,” the amended rule reads. “Before If an agency requires testing for other drugs, it must first obtain written approval from the director. A request must include the agency’s proposed initial test methods, testing levels, and performance test program. When conducting reasonable‐ suspicion or post‐accident testing, an agency may require testing for any drug listed in schedule 1 or 2.” Commissioner Nick Ciaramitaro said the change is needed to comply with Michigan’s adult-use cannabis statute, which was approved via a statewide ballot measure in 2018. Voters also legalized medical cannabis 10 years earlier with the approval of the state’s 2008 ballot proposal. “Whether or not we agree with it or not is kind of beyond the point,” Ciaramitaro told MLive. “Use of marijuana on the job is different than having used it months before you take the test … It doesn’t make sense to limit our ability to hire qualified people because they took a gummy two weeks ago.” Michigan residents made the decisions to “treat marijuana, recreational marijuana, much like alcohol,” said Commission chair Jase Bolger. Two years ago, Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel sent a legal opinion to Michigan’s Unemployment Insurance Appeals Commission, which argued that employees fired from their jobs for cannabis use outside the workplace are technically still eligible for unemployment benefits per state law. “Marijuana was not used on the job or on the employers’ premises, nor did it impair the employee during work hours,” Nessel’s office said in a statement at the time. “The people spoke loud and clear when they voted in 2018 to legalize marijuana once and for all,” the Nessel said. “Nobody over 21 can be penalized or denied any right or privilege solely for legally using marijuana, and employers cannot control their employees’ private lives by calling the legal use of marijuana outside of work hours ‘misconduct.’” Nessel’s argument appears to stand and go beyond unemployment benefits. One major reason to update drug testing policies is its utter failure in deterring job candidates from refraining from smoking. Failed drug tests for THC hit an all-time high just months ago, according to one analysis. According to a Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Index Analysis that was published on May 18, post-accident workplace drug testing hit an all-time high in 2022. Last year, 7.3% workforce drug urine samples contained cannabis, in comparison to 6.7% of workers in 2021. Quest Diagnostics states that it has recorded a steady rise in post-accident cannabis positivity since 2012, with a 204.2% increase in workers testing positive for cannabis over the past 10 years. Between 2002-2009, post-accident positive test results had decreased. The report indicates that cannabis was the primary reason that workers’s drug tests have been positive, but other substances such as amphetamines have also contributed to the increase, with cannabis increasing by 10.3% and amphetamines increasing by 15.4%. In 2022, the most common industries that saw a rise in positive workplace drug tests were Accommodation and Food Services (7%), Retail Trade (7.7%), and Finance and Insurance (3.6%). In September 2022, New Jersey regulators issued employment guidance for cannabis rules in the workplace, which “is meant to support employers’ right to create and maintain safe work environments, and to affirm employees’ right to due process.” Changes are taking place at the federal level as well. In February 2021, the Biden administration announced a new policy that would allow applicants to be hired even if they had previously consumed cannabis. “The White House’s policy will maintain the absolute highest standards for service in government that the President expects from his administration, while acknowledging the reality that state and local marijuana laws have changed significantly across the country in recent years,” the policy stated.

https://hightimes.com/

New Jersey Cannabis Funds Used for Hospital-Based Intervention Services

New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy and Attorney General Matthew J. Platkin announced in a press release that $5.5 million in cannabis tax funds will be going toward New Jersey Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Program (NJHVIP). The money comes directly from the state’s Cannabis Regulatory, Enforcement Assistance, and Marketplace Modernization Fund. According to state law, cannabis tax funds consist of money that comes from cannabis taxes and fees to fund a variety of community services and programs. The NJHVIP is managed by the Division of Violence Intervention and Victim Assistance (VIVA) by way of the Office of Violence Intervention and Prevention. VIVA was initially established by Platkin in September 2022 “with the goal of elevating and formalizing violence intervention and victim services work within the Department of Law and Public Safety.” “Through the New Jersey Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Program, our Administration is making progress on our commitment to creating a safer state for all New Jerseyans,” said Murphy in a press release. “These innovative violence intervention programs allow providers to tend to vulnerable victims of violent crimes in the early days of their road to recovery in order to break the patterns of violence that have tragically taken the lives of too many New Jerseyans. We will continue to do what we can to support this work to prevent and overcome violence in our communities across the state.”  “New Jersey’s Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Programs are essential aspects of our comprehensive approach to public safety, and they empower communities to interrupt cycles of victimization and violence,” said Platkin. “Under Governor Murphy’s leadership, we are continuing our historic investment in NJHVIPs by making available $5.5 million for these innovative services. Through this funding, we are making clear that we will use every tool and resource available to combat gun violence and violent crime that affects too many of our communities.” VIVA executive director, Patricia Teffenhart, also expressed the importance of the NJHVIP. “Our NJHVIP partners are a key part of Attorney General Platkin’s trauma-informed, survivor-centered commitment to building safer, more resilient communities in New Jersey,” Teffenhart said. “By bringing together medical and community-based violence intervention teams that put victims at the center of service, their work supports the kind of healing that helps put victims on the road to recovery and a path to safety.” The press release explained that hospital-based violence intervention programs like NJHVIP help support victims of crime through unified teams of “hospital clinicians, social workers, case managers, violence interventionists, and community health workers.” Services such as crisis intervention, victim compensation, and more, all serve people in need, and the $5.5 million being granted will help fund these services. The New Jersey Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Program began in January 2020 with funds from the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) program. New Jersey was one of the first states to implement a program with VOCA funds. It began with nine hospital partnerships, including Center for Family Services, Trinitas Health Foundation, AtlantiCare, Capital Health, Jersey City Medical Center, RWJ University Hospital, University Hospital, Jersey Shore University Medical Center/Hackensack Meridian, and St. Joseph’s Health. By January 2023, the number increased to 11. During his time as governor since 2018, Murphy has helped send $45 million in federal and state funding to various NJHVIP sites. In August 2023, the NJHVIP’s third year of operation, $15 million was earmarked for violence prevention services through the use of the same cannabis fund, including guidance for at-risk youth as well as street intervention services. “For far too long, pockets of our state have been scarred by violence. And, since day one of our Administration, we have been committed to solving this problem,” Murphy said last month. “Through initiatives such as the [CBVI] Programs, we have made great strides on that pledge. I am incredibly grateful for Attorney General Platkin and his team’s steadfast dedication to reducing violence in our state and creating a safer community for all.” The $5.5 million from the cannabis tax fund for this year will be granted starting in 2024. Organizations that seek to apply for NJHVIP grants can do so by Oct. 18, 2023. According to the Notice of Availability of Funds, applicants may apply for no more than $995,000 per project. A webinar was held on Sept. 29 for interested applicants, but those who did not originally attend on that day can check out a recording of the meeting when it’s published online on Oct. 3. In news of other community services, three New Jersey attorneys (Andrew Cooper, Michael Hoffman, and John Williams) recently held an expungement service event at the 420 Expo, which was held between Sept. 29-Oct. 1. The “stigma-free celebration of the legal cannabis lifestyle” was host to more than 100 vendors, and also included educational seminars and appearances from celebrity Cheech Marin. “The so-called war on drugs has been particularly hard on minority and low-income communities, and although studies show white, brown, and Black people use cannabis equally, Black and brown people were nearly four times as likely to be arrested for cannabis violations,” Cooper explained. “Despite laws designed to assist these communities, the individuals affected most are also least able to benefit due to a lack of access to information and support. The Expungement Clinics at 420 Expo are intended to provide the kind of meaningful access to information otherwise sorely lacking in society.”

https://hightimes.com/

Survey Shows ‘Striking Positive Shift in Attitudes’ Toward Psychedelics Among Psychiatrists

Psychiatrists in the United States are increasingly receptive to psychedelic therapy, according to a newly released survey. The survey, published last month in the journal Psychedelic Medicine, revealed a notable shift in attitudes among psychiatrists toward hallucinogens and hallucinogen-assisted therapy that has taken place in the last several years. “Our data reveal a striking positive shift in attitudes toward the therapeutic potential of hallucinogens among American psychiatrists since 2016, with a majority of responding psychiatrists planning to incorporate hallucinogen-assisted therapy into their practice if regulatory approval is granted,” the researchers wrote in their conclusions.  The researchers first conducted the survey in 2016. In the follow-up survey published last month, they said that respondents were “demographically similar to the 2016 respondents.” “We e-mailed our survey instrument to 1,000 randomly selected American Psychiatric Association members—250 resident-fellows and 750 attending psychiatrists—in late 2022 and early 2023. We calculated descriptive statistics and used a non-parametric trend test to compare the current survey responses with those from 2016. We also constructed a multivariate logistic regression model to assess attributes of respondents that predicted moderate/strong agreement with plans to incorporate hallucinogen-assisted therapy into their own practice,” the researchers wrote in their explanation of the survey’s methodology.  With a response rate of about 13%, the researchers said that a “majority moderately/strongly believed that hallucinogens show promise in treating psychiatric conditions (80.9%) and substance use disorders (SUDs) (60.8%).” “Large majorities also moderately/strongly supported research into hallucinogens’ therapeutic potential for psychiatric conditions (93.9%) and SUDs (88.6%), as well as federal funding of associated clinical trials (84.7% and 80.9%, respectively),” the researchers wrote. “Comparisons to 2016 showed significantly increased optimism regarding the therapeutic promise of hallucinogens and decreased concern about risks, with 50.4% of respondents reporting moderate/strong intentions to incorporate hallucinogen-assisted therapy into their practice.” The survey’s findings track with what has been a remarkable shift in attitudes among researchers, policymakers and the public at large toward psychedelics, particularly as a form of mental health treatment. In 2020, the University of California Berkeley launched a center for psychedelic science and public education to “conduct research using psychedelics to investigate cognition, perception and emotion and their biological bases in the human brain.” The center launched with a little more than a million dollars in seed funding. In August, the center announced that it was launching a free online course called Psychedelics and the Mind financed through a grant from the Steve and Alexandra Cohen Foundation. The shift in attitudes has created a groundswell of pressure on lawmakers in Washington to end the federal prohibition of psychedelics like psilocybin.  In September, state lawmakers in Michigan passed a resolution urging Congress, the Department of Defense, and Department of Veterans Affairs to “prioritize research and investment in non-technology treatment options for servicemembers and veterans who have psychological trauma as a result of military service.” “The need to address veteran mental health is of key importance in Michigan. In 2021, it was reported that there were 554,281 veterans living in Michigan, making Michigan rank eleventh out of fifty-three states and territories in veteran population,” the resolution said. “However, between 2016 and 2020, it was reported that there were 882 Michigan veterans who died by suicide.” The resolution “[urges] the United States Congress, Department of Defense, and Department of Veterans Affairs to prioritize research and investment in non-technology treatment options for servicemembers and veterans who have psychological trauma as a result of military service.” Earlier this year, the younger brother of President Joe Biden offered a glimmer of hope that reform could be coming from the White House. In an interview, Frank Biden said that his brother is “very open minded” about psychedelic therapy. “Put it that way. I don’t want to speak; I’m talking brother-to-brother. Brother-to-brother,” Frank Biden said. “The question is, is the world, is the U.S. ready for this? My opinion is that we are on the cusp of a consciousness that needs to be brought about to solve a lot of the problems in and around addiction, but as importantly, to make us aware of the fact that we’re all one people and we’ve got to come together.” In the survey of psychiatrists published last month, the researchers acknowledged that federal reform could be on the horizon. “Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, may eventually be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment-resistant depression. However, we are aware of only one published national survey of American psychiatrists regarding their opinions about hallucinogens and hallucinogen-assisted therapy, conducted by our group in 2016. Here, we report a repeat survey, using virtually identical methods, assessing whether American psychiatrists display greater optimism about the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in 2022–23,” they wrote.

https://hightimes.com/

Popular Weed Strains To Experience in 2023

Are you looking for the top weed strains to enjoy in 2023? Do you need a little kick to get you going for the day? Or to fall asleep at night? Growing cannabis is increasing in popularity, making it easier to explore the best strains. Now is perfect timing, as cannabis is legal in more provinces countrywide. Take this opportunity to grow some of this herb yourself. Experiment with different strains, whether for cultivating or consumption. You may want to turn to our top 6 marijuana strains of 2023. We break down the best of the best just for you. Choose from our diverse list to find the ideal cultivar to suit your preferences. Let’s dive in. Cannabis has been around for eons but only recently became legal for the USA and Canada. Breeders are continuously creating new various strains, each one better than before. You can find anything and everything you need with a variety of cannabis strains. The genetics your chosen cannabis strain comprises is crucial. Sativa and Indica produce different effects: one is energetic, and the other relaxing. The THC and CBD levels also play a big part in the sensations and characteristics of a cannabis cultivar. Terpenes are significant in the genetic makeup of cannabis strains. These compounds produce a variety of flavors and aromas. They also influence the color of the cannabis buds.  Cannabinoids are just as significant in marijuana plants. They’re in charge of regulating how cells communicate. These compounds interact with receptors, providing the effects of marijuana we love. There are a few key aspects to consider when choosing a strain. When discussing the most popular strains do you prefer sativa, or Indica? You may want a more energetic cultivar compared to a sleepy one. Also, take THC and CBD levels into account. Higher amounts of THC result in a more potent toke. Research the different terpenes that cannabis buds have. Each compound brings unique flavor and aroma profiles to the mix. They even provide other effects depending on the saturation in your chosen strain. In the end, it’s all up to personal preferences. You may prefer a strain that someone else dislikes. Research the endless amounts of cultivars available for the perfect one. Let’s dive into the good stuff. What are the top 6 popular weed strains of 2023? While it all depends on your preferences, we break down some interesting picks! Lemon Cherry Gelato is a top-shelf marijuana strain. 420 lovers flock to give it a toke. It results from breeding Sunset Sherbert, Girl Scout Cookies, and an unconfirmed variant. Some sources say Lemon Haze is the third parent, but breeders have yet to verify this. This cultivar is a hybrid marijuana strain with Indica-leaning genetics. It has 60% Indica and 40% sativa. Lemon Cherry Gelato has an epic THC level of 19–29%. Expect low CBD levels, under 1%. This strain is perfect for those looking to add a potent variant to their stoner stash. We find in this strain a dominant terpene for Lemon Cherry Gelato is limonene. It brings citrus flavors to the table. Caryophyllene and humulene add pepper and hop notes to the mix. Lemon Cherry Gelato buds give off an incredible aroma. This strain is a must-have for those attracted to citrus and berry scents. Notice hints of raspberries and sour lemon as you breathe in the tasty smells. The nugs produce an earthy pine perfume. These flowers taste just as good as they smell. Find notes of rich cherries and sour lemons on your tongue as you take a puff. Breathe in sweet blueberry and woody-pine flavors on your exhale. Now for the main event: Lemon Cherry Gelato’s effects. The sensations take a moment to kick in, so be patient. Allow the indica genetics to run through your body, settling you into a deep rest. You feel uplifted and relaxed. As the effects settle, you may become more talkative than usual. That’s the sativa genetics kicking in. Once you feel yourself coming down, you are ready for a good night’s sleep. Lemon Cherry Gelato is perfect for an evening toke. This strain provides tantalizing effects, and it may also provide medicinal benefits. You might feel relief from pain, specifically severe and chronic conditions. Some cannabis connoisseurs claim to experience aid to their mood swings and anxiety. Lemon Cherry Gelato hybrid weed strain has high THC levels, so it can be overwhelming for beginner stoners. Consume in moderation to avoid falling asleep. You may encounter dry, red eyes and cottonmouth. Keep a bottle of water and eye drops handy to combat these side effects. Beginners and experts alike can take a stab at growing Lemon Cherry Gelato. It thrives indoors, outdoors, and in greenhouses. Keep a steady, warm, and humid climate for the ideal results. These weed plants grow to be around 5–6.6 feet tall. Expect bountiful yields come harvest time. Collect 21 oz./m² indoors and 10–15 oz./plant outdoors. Lemon Cherry Gelato came 2nd place in the 2021 High Times Medical Cup in Michigan, US. This strain won for its incredible potential medicinal properties. As the name suggests, Godfather OG is the don of all cannabis strains. Breeders created this potent cultivar by splicing XXX OG and Alpha OG. What came out was a cannabis variant to beat all others. Godfather OG is an Indica-leaning hybrid. It comprises 60% Indica and 40% sativa genetics. Expect insane levels of THC, up to a whopping 21–28%. It has little to no CBD, around 0.1–0.7%. The dominant terpene in Godfather OG is myrcene. This compound provides herbal, earthy flavors. The secondary terpenes are limonene and caryophyllene. These bring citrus and pepper aromas to the table. Godfather OG buds give off pungent, earthy scents. Expect to smell notes of spice and pine. You may notice whiffs of sweet grapes. The nugs taste like how they smell. Notice sweet, woody flavors on your inhale. Breathe out herbal, pine, and grape tastes. This dank strain provides just as potent effects. You feel a cerebral high after you first consume Godfather OG. Experience an uplifting sensation, washing away any worries. You’re left feeling happy and relaxed. As the effects settle, your body does just the same. The Indica genetics help you sink deep into the couch, overcome with tranquility. 420 enthusiasts flock to Godfather OG for being one of the best recreational strains. Since Godfather OG is so potent, you may encounter some adverse reactions. Consume in moderation to avoid dry eyes and throat. Godfather OG is perfect for recreational uses and potentially excellent for medicinal benefits. Users report this strain as being a great stress reliever. Godfather OG cannabis plants are easy for beginners to grow. These crops love warm, humid conditions. They thrive indoors and out. This marijuana plant produces an indoor yield of 12–16 oz./m². Expect to collect around 16 oz./plant outdoors. Godfather OG crops grow up to 4.5–6.5 feet in height. Godfather OG holds a past position as the High Times Cannabis Cup winner for the best Indica strain. Cannabis lovers know Granddaddy Purple to be the most “purple” strain of weed on the market. The creators bred Purple Urkle X Big Bud to create this epic, and one of the most famous cannabis strains of all time. This variant is another Indica-dominant hybrid for those relaxation fanatics. This product is an Indica-dominant hybrid strain that sports a 70% Indica and 30% sativa genetics. Granddaddy Purple comprises an impressive 21% THC Content. Find only 0.3% CBD. Granddaddy Purple’s primary terpene is myrcene, adding herbal notes. The secondary compounds pinene and caryophyllene bring pine and pepper flavors. This strain is famous for its grape and berry aromas. Enjoy sweet and fruity scents in the air as you break open the sticky nugs. Cured buds give off wood and earth smells with hints of lemon. Granddaddy Purple flowers taste like how they smell. Notice sweet berry and grape flavors on your tongue. Users say the exhale reminds them of a grape popsicle. Breathe in earthy pine and citrus tones. As with most Indica strains, Granddaddy Purple provides a potent mental high. Your busy brain calms down, easing worried thoughts. Enjoy a gentle, relaxing head buzz after the initial tokes. A brilliant nighttime toke, Granddaddy Purple provides a complete sense of euphoria. You feel elated, and soon you’re overcome with the giggles. Some users feel extra hungry, so grab a couple of snacks. Some stoners report feeling dehydrated after consuming Granddaddy Purple. Be sure to drink plenty of water to combat this adverse effect. You may encounter some paranoia or dizziness, so toke it in moderation. Stoners love Granddaddy Purple for its potential medicinal benefits. This strain may help beat insomnia because of its potent Indica genetics. This is a great strain for treating and even finding relief from anxiety, depression, and stress. Granddaddy Purps is one of the most amazing strains in the world. Granddaddy Purple is somewhat resistant to diseases, so it’s relatively easy to grow. Remember to keep an eye on the humidity levels: maintain a steady level of around 50%. Trim regularly to allow this marijuana plant to flourish. When growing indoors, expect to harvest around 19 oz./m². Collect 18 oz./plant after the buds have fully developed. Granddaddy Purple pot plants grow to be 3.2–4.9 feet tall. Blue Dream is an exotic marijuana strain made by crossing Blueberry X Super Silver Haze and one of the more popular cannabis strains on the market. Cannabis users consider this variant to be the best for medicinal uses. It’s gained legendary status among the cannabis community. This strain is a sativa-dominant hybrid. Blue Dream comprises 60% sativa and 40% Indica genetics. Expect a fairly high THC content of 20%. There’s very little CBD, sitting at around 0.4%. Myrcene is the dominant terpene in the Blue Dream marijuana strain. This main compound gives the buds an earthy flavor. The secondary terpenes are pinene and caryophyllene. Blue Dream Sativa Strain flavor profile is exceptional and smells like sweet berries and vanilla. We’re sure you’ll be drooling as soon as you catch a whiff of these nugs. Notice hints of pinewood and earth. These buds taste like citrus and floral as you inhale the smoke. Your exhale has an aftertaste of grapes and tropical fruit. Experience herb, pine, and pepper flavors left on your tongue. Even the most experienced users love the potency of Blue Dream. The toke is smooth and goes down easy, providing a cerebral buzz with euphoric effects. Cannabis Consumers can enjoy the mood-enhancing, mind-awakening sativa sensations. The effects settle down with the 40% Indica genetics. You’re left feeling tranquil and not agitated or jumpy. Blue Dream is ideal for daytime use, as it doesn’t leave you feeling drowsy or couch-locked. As usual, this cannabis strain may have some adverse effects. You can easily avoid and remedy dry eyes and cotton mouth with eye drops and water. Consume in moderation to combat dizziness, anxiety, or paranoia. Breeders created Blue Dream specifically for medicinal uses. It’s no surprise that tokers vouch for it. This strain may ease inflammation, muscle spasms, and cramps. Some stoners claim it relieves chronic pain, migraines, and nausea. Blue Dream weed plants are a bit tricky to take care of. With enough perseverance, a grower of any experience level can tackle them. These crops thrive best in temperate and sunny conditions, indoors or out. Come harvest time, expect to collect an impressive 21 oz./m² indoors. Gather around 25 oz./plant when cultivating outdoors. Blue Dream pot plants grow to a height of 5–6 feet. While there aren’t any notable awards or recognitions for Blue Dream, it’s still a must-have. The nugs are gorgeous, and the effects are second to none. Chiquita Banana impresses users with its OG Kush X Banana heritage and one of the best cannabis strains. Chiquita is one of the classic strains for medicinal use. This cannabis strain is a hybrid strain with equal Indica and sativa genetics. You’re in for the trip of a lifetime with Chiquita Banana. This strain is known for a whopping 34% THC level, with 0.05% CBD.  This is a potent strain and is not exactly the best to use as a strain for daytime. Chiquita Banana’s primary terpene is limonene, bringing about that citrus flavor. The secondary compounds are myrcene and pinene. They add herbal and pine scents to the mix. These delicious nugs give off a citrus and tropical scent. Breathe in the smoke and notice hints of earthy banana. Just as you’d assume, Chiquita Banana flowers taste like fresh bananas. Sugary, sweet lemon fills your exhale. The initial effects you feel with Chiquita Banana creep up on you. It may take several minutes before you start experiencing anything. Once it hits, you feel euphoric and giggly sensations. Switch over to the Indica genetics as your body anchors itself whenever you’re sitting. Enjoy a tranquil full-body high that’s not too intense. You may feel paranoid or dizzy if you overdo it with Chiquita Banana. Combat dry mouth by drinking plenty of water. As this strain has incredible THC levels, many use it for medicinal purposes. Medical Marijuana users claim Chiquita Banana helps treat their chronic pain and cramps. Some find alleviation to depression and insomnia. Chiquita Banana cannabis plants are ideal for beginner growers. These crops are highly resistant to fungi, so you won’t have to worry about that. Keep your plants in temperate, Mediterranean climates. Expect to harvest 10–14 oz./m² when cultivating indoors. Collect around 14–21 oz./plant if you grow outdoors. Chiquita Banana plants reach 3–5 feet in height. Chiquita Banana is famous for its brilliant THC levels. Cannabis users worldwide know this strain to be one of the best on the market. This strain was created by crossing Obama Kush and Noga OG to create the brilliant Sleepy Joe OG. It’s an epic nighttime strain, perfect for those wanting to unwind after a long day. Sleepy Joe OG is an Indica-leaning strain with 20% sativa genetics. It’s another THC-heavy strain, the level sitting strain has a THC 34% and gives a great body high. The primary terpene of Sleepy Joe OG is limonene. This compound adds lemon-citrus flavors to the mix. The secondary terpenes are myrcene and nerolidol. Sleepy Joe OG’s aromas are to die for. Breathe in tangy lemons and sweet strawberries. Notice hints of fruit and flowers as you smell the smoke. The buds taste just as good as they smell. Enjoy strawberry, citrus, and lemon flavors on your tongue. You may experience earthy pine on the aftertaste. This strain’s Indica genetics shine through with how relaxed you feel. Sleepy Joe OG buds provide you with a sense of tranquility and euphoria. After a while, you feel incredibly creative. Grab a pen and paper to jot down any inspirational ideas you come up with. You may encounter some side effects like dry mouth and dry eyes. These symptoms are straightforward to combat, so you don’t need to worry too much. The potent Indica genetics may provide promising results regarding medicinal benefits. You may feel more relaxed, forgetting any anxiety or stress. Sleepy Joe OG cannabis seeds are ideal for many cannabis beginners. Take preventative measures to avoid mold, and you’ll be good to go. Come harvest time, collect around 17–21 oz./m² indoors. Outdoors, expect to gather an enormous amount of 29–31 oz./plant. Sleepy Joe OG plants grow to be around 3–7 feet tall. Sleepy Joe OG is one of the new strains to the market. It’s yet to win any awards, but we promise it’s a must-have in your seed collection. There are so many different cannabis strains on the market that it is hard to choose what ones will be the most popular. Other classic cannabis strains that we did not mention in our article that are making a comeback are Sour Diesel and Durban Poison. Both are great medical marijuana strains and provide exceptional properties that all Cannabis Connoisseur’s are looking for. Cannabis Strains are constantly evolving and making new which brings this market to an exciting future ahead.

https://hightimes.com/

Psilocybin-Based Drug Candidate Gains Patent

Ahead of the competition, drug developers are locking in patents while the psychedelic renaissance takes the medical community by storm. Enveric Biosciences, a biotechnology company focusing on the development of novel drugs primarily for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction disorders, announced in a Sept. 20 press release that the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a patent for its carboxylated psilocybin-derived drug delivery system. U.S. Patent No. 11,752,130, titled “Carboxylated Psilocybin Derivatives and Methods of Using,” applies to Enveric’s EVM301 Series of molecules being developed as potential treatments for mental health disorders. This patent was originally issued Sept. 12,, giving Enveric intellectual property rights with claims to novel compositions and pharmaceutical drug formulations for a family of carboxylated derivatives of tryptamine-based drug candidates. They believe their drug delivery system is unique. The goal is to further strengthen and add value to Enveric’s “EVM301 Series” of compounds. Enveric’s EVM301 Series encompasses new chemical entity tryptamine derivatives designed to engage the serotonin 5HT2a receptor and other neurotransmitter receptors with the intent to promote neuroplasticity and therapeutic benefit without inducing hallucinatory effects. “Our EVM301 Series consists of small molecule therapies designed with the intent to enhance neuroplasticity while reducing or eliminating hallucinations associated with other psychedelic or psychedelic-inspired agents,” said Joseph Tucker, Ph.D., Director and CEO of Enveric.  “This unique design could be potentially game-changing in the treatment of depression and anxiety as it offers the opportunity to administer psilocybin-derived medications without the requirement for a healthcare professional to observe during dosing,” Tucker continued. “We believe this could greatly enhance the commercial opportunity of EVM301 Series-based therapies, benefiting patients and healthcare systems broadly by reducing the need for costly and time-intensive requirements for supervision throughout the treatment. For these reasons, Enveric is seeking to build a robust intellectual property portfolio for our EVM301 Series with this U.S. patent providing a critical IP cornerstone.” The patent describes psilocybin’s role in history, both as a recreational drug in mushrooms and as a medicinal compound. It provided that while psilocybin is relatively low in toxicity, bad trips are fairly common in certain doses. After a new drug has undergone approvals and is being marketed, its patents protect it from competition, i.e. chemically identical drug candidates. This increases its value. Enveric’s lead program, the EVM201 Series, is made up of the drug candidates using the active metabolite, psilocin. Enveric is developing the first product from the EVM201 Series—EB-373—for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Not everyone needs exactly an ego death in order to gain benefits. Enveric is also advancing its second program, the EVM301 Series, expected to offer a first-in-class, new approach to the treatment of difficult-to-address mental health disorders, mediated by the promotion of neuroplasticity—without also inducing hallucinations in the patient.  Research showing the efficacy of psilocybin for certain disorders continues to grow. A newly published study provides yet more evidence that psilocybin serves as a potentially effective treatment for those suffering from depression. A study by American Medical Association, published late last month, sought to measure the “efficacy and safety of psilocybin in patients with major depressive disorder” and to “evaluate the magnitude, timing, and durability of antidepressant effects and safety of a single dose of psilocybin in patients with [major depressive disorder].” “A 25-mg dose of psilocybin was well tolerated and may hold promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder when combined with psychological support,” the authors of the study wrote. “Psilocybin shows promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder.”  Another recent study focused on psilocbyin’s ability to disrupt stubborn networks in the brain and along with other psychedelics, improve neuroplasticity ideal for battling depression and addiction. In a recently published preprint study, entitled “Psilocybin desynchronizes brain networks,” researchers analyze the comparison between psilocybin and the default mode network (DMN) of the brain. “Psilocybin-driven desynchronization was observed across [the] association cortex but strongest in the default mode network (DMN), which is connected to the anterior hippocampus and thought to create our sense of self,” researchers explained. According to the study, the largest areas of the DMN that were affected by psilocybin in the patients included the thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and hippocampus. “Persistent suppression of hippocampal-DMN connectivity represents a candidate neuroanatomical and mechanistic correlate for pro-plasticity and anti-depressant effects of psilocybin,” researchers wrote in their abstract. Researchers continue to uncover ways that psilocybin and similar compounds can improve mental well-being. More psychedelics are being embraced by federal regulations, and getting patents in the process. Johnson & Johnson renamed its version of ketamine, esketamine in order to patent and sell it under the brand name Spravato.  

https://hightimes.com/

Georgia Department of Health Reports Discovery of Inflated Cannabis Patient Number

The Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) announced on Sept. 27 that its previously recorded data regarding the number of medical cannabis patients is actually less than expected. The state found “anomalies” that inflated its patient and caregiver numbers, which originally was projected to be about 50,000 patients. This number was still taking into account patients whose cards have expired or those who have passed away since 2015, and now a more accurate 14,000 reflects the true patient count, according to The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. DPH spokesperson Nancy Nydam further explained the cause of inflated numbers. “DPH identified a number of anomalies within the registry data including patients with duplicate cards, patients who were counted as caregivers, expired cards that had not been renewed but remained in the system, and some patients who were deceased.” The reason that this wasn’t discovered sooner is because this year, Georgia opened its first medical cannabis dispensaries. Two Trulieve dispensaries opened in late April, and there are now a total of six operating dispensaries. Nydam added that DPH Commissioner Kathleen Toomey has since ordered an audit of the medical cannabis registry. A brief review of the Low THC Oil Registry requires medical providers to remove patients once they stop receiving care, or pass away. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution notes that reporting this ceased after 2019 and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there is no automated system to keep track of the patient or caregiver count. Georgia’s medical cannabis program started in 2015 with “Haleigh’s Hope Act.” It permitted the use of medical cannabis to treat conditions such as end-stage cancer, Lou Gehrig’s Disease, seizure disorders, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, mitochondrial disease, Parkinson’s disease, and sickle cell disease. However, it didn’t implement any kind of protection for the patient, especially in expecting an employer to accommodate medical cannabis consumption. Patients must receive approval from a physician in order to treat these medical conditions, and only have access to oil that contains no more than 5% THC. Cards only cost $25 for two years. Botanical Sciences CEO Gary Long, head of one of the medical cannabis dispensaries in Georgia, explained his frustration for the inaccurate numbers. “It is disappointing to find out that the information the state has provided is inaccurate,” Long told The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. “Our focus should be on how we move past this in a cohesive way that increases awareness of this industry in our state and the availability of these therapeutic products for patients in need.” In July, the DPH reported 30,600 active patients, when there are actually only 13,000. For caregivers who may legally obtain cannabis for a patient, there were an estimated 21,000. Now, the number has decreased to only 1,200. Additionally, an estimated 3,400 patients have passed away out of the 17,600 patients whose cards expired or were canceled. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports that the DPH has made similar data collecting mistakes in regards to COVID-19 numbers. The news outlet pointed out how the list of children who died from COVID was incomplete and that drive-up testing sites weren’t recording accurate race data. For cannabis though, the patient numbers have risen over the past few months now that medical cannabis dispensaries have begun operation. However, updated numbers won’t be provided by the DPH until the audit is complete. Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission Andrew Turnage commented on the rising number of patients. “The demand is certainly there for patients in need,” said Andrew Turnage, executive director for the Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission. “We know there are a significant number of patients in Georgia with the appropriate and applicable diagnosis, but the registry growth is happening slower than anticipated.” In the future, the DPH has already begun to fix the issue of deceased patients being counted as cardholders. Now the DPH also plans to analyze its data twice a year to remove expired cards, and no longer need it to be done by medical providers. In August, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that there’s a backlog of 558 medical cannabis applications waiting to be verified. One Georgia mother, Kim Srkiba, uses cannabis to treat her 24-year-old son’s seizures. She told the outlet that she applied for the card in April and didn’t get approval for more than four months. “I’ve been trying to skimp on it so that it would last. We’ve had a little bit of an increase in seizures, so that’s awful,” explained Skriba. “Life with a special needs child or adult is not easy. When the state makes things harder for you, it just adds difficulty and stress to the whole situation.” At the time, DPH interim director of health protection Chris Rustin, expressed a need to expedite the process. “We had to make it much more convenient for the public to have access to pick up these cards,” Rustin said. “These improvements will certainly help us improve the process and issue these cards quicker for the public that needs it.”

https://hightimes.com/

Florida Sheriff’s Office Stops Using Cocaine Test Kit Due to Concerns of False Positive Results

The Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office has stopped using a particular brand of cocaine field testing kits after more than a decade due to an investigation by one of their detectives which revealed the kits potentially give false positive results. According to local news outlets in the area, the Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office issued a notice to all officers to immediately stop using the test kits after a detective learned that multiple over-the-counter medications caused the kits to show a positive reading for cocaine. JSO officials issued a statement about the matter on Thursday and said they never had any previous reason to suspect any issues with Scott Company Field-Testing Kits and that results from the kits were pre-emptive, that is subject to more thorough lab testing after an arrest had been made. “Many law enforcement agencies in Northeast Florida and across the country use and have used Scott Company Field-Testing Kits for Cocaine for many years without issue or incident,” a Sheriff’s Office statement said. “These kits were exclusively used as presumptive field tests, not for evidentiary purposes at criminal trials. JSO utilizes other test kits for other controlled substances.” The Sheriff’s Office immediately informed all legal personnel in the area whose court cases may have been affected by bad results from the Scott Company Field Testing Kits. Prosecutors met with the Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office Wednesday to discuss the implications of what had happened. “We immediately informed the Public Defender’s Office, Regional Conflict Counsel, the chief judge and local criminal defense bar of this development,” State Attorney’s Office spokesman David Chapman said. “We are conducting a thorough review of cases potentially implicated to determine what actions need to be taken moving forward to address this issue.” CEO of the Scott Company, Ian Scott issued a press release about the situation on Friday, saying any claims that their tests were faulty were completely false and any media portrayal of the tests as anything but suitable for the purpose they were designed is due to a lack of understanding about how the tests work.  “The implication that our A-2 Scott Cocaine Reagent Cocaine Residue Swab product is ‘faulty’ is inaccurate. The reagent test is not conceived, designed, manufactured, and/or sold in a manner that is deficient, unreliable or inaccurate,” the press release said. “Since its inception in 1974, the chemical reaction that makes the product function as intended has always done and will always do what it is designed to do – to detect the presence of cocaine, within the scope of the laws of chemistry that govern its reactions. While we strive to be fully transparent and respectfully acknowledge the limitations of the laws of chemistry that the product is subject to.” The press release from the Scott Company went on to explain that their tests utilized reagents that react a certain way when in the presence of certain substances but it’s virtually impossible to test a reagent against everything that could possibly make it react because there are millions and millions of known chemicals. This is why their tests are meant to be used in the field paired with the arresting officer’s judgment and confirmed with further lab analysis later on. “While presumptive testing is extremely reliable, faster, and less expensive than other methods of testing, it is possible (though unlikely) to receive a false positive result under certain conditions, when certain substances are introduced into the presumptive test,” the press release said. “We strongly advise the individual officer and appropriate agencies to use common sense and evaluate the totality of the circumstances before making an arrest.” The Scott Company laid out a ten point summary of why false positives for cocaine against a laundry list of random over the counter medications was, in their view, not a scientifically sound approach to calling their tests faulty. They pointed out that there is not a single presumptive field test for cocaine of its kind that would provide a positive result for cocaine and only cocaine. The Scott Company also pointed out that the coatings on many of the medications used for testing could have provided a false positive result.  “Additionally, please note that to date, no litigation, either against us, or involving the use of our products by our clients, has resulted in a decision for the plaintiff,” the press release said.  The Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office had not yet responded to the Scott Company’s claims at the time this article was written. The Scott Company’s website claims their products are used by hundreds of law enforcement agencies nationwide.

https://hightimes.com/

Poll Affirms, Again, Most Ohioans Plan to Vote ‘Yes’ on November’s Rec Weed Measure

A poll commissioned by the Coalition to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol (CRMLA)—the campaign supporting the ballot initiative—and conducted by FM3 Research surveyed likely November voters in mid-August, specifically asking about their stance on ushering in recreational cannabis laws for the Buckeye State. The results found that roughly three out of five Ohio voters support the cannabis legalization measure set to appear on the November ballot, and nearly two-thirds of respondents said that they believe adult-use cannabis legalization in Ohio is “inevitable.” The survey consisted of 843 total interviews for Ohio voters likely to turn out for this November’s elections through telephone calls, email and text invitations.  Nearly two-thirds of voters approved of the state’s medical cannabis system (63% total, with 29% “strongly approving” and 34% “somewhat approving”), a slight drop from September 2020’s 70% total. When asked, “Regardless of how you feel about this specific measure, do you think marijuana should be taxed, regulated, and legalized for adults in Ohio?” 67% agreed (50% strongly and 17% somewhat), once again a slight dip from 2022’s 71% and 2020’s 73%. The survey also asked Ohioans, regardless of how they feel about adult-use cannabis personally, if they believe the legalization of cannabis in the state is “inevitable.” Sixty-three percent said yes. The poll then looked at the specific measure on the upcoming ballot.  A total of 59% of respondents said yes, they were planning to vote for the upcoming cannabis measure — albeit in varying capacities. Thirty-eight percent said “definitely yes,” 17% said “probably yes,” while 5% said “undecided, lean yes.” This ballot measure would legalize possession of up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis for adults over the age of 21, along with up to 15 grams of cannabis concentrates. Individuals could grow up to six plants for personal use, capping out at 12 plants per household. The measure would also impost a 10% sales tax on cannabis sales, with revenue divided to support social equity and jobs programs (36%), localities allowing adult-use cannabis enterprises to operate in the region (36%), education and substance misuse programs (25%) and administrative costs of implementing the system (3%). The measure would also establish a Division of Cannabis Control under the state Department of Commerce, with the authority to “license, regulate, investigate, and penalize adult use cannabis operators, adult use testing laboratories, and individuals required to be licensed.” Current medical cannabis businesses would also enjoy a headstart in the recreational market, as regulators would begin issuing adult-use licenses to qualified applicants who operate existing medical cannabis businesses within nine months of enactment. The division would also be required to issue 40 recreational cultivator licenses and 50 adult-use retailer licenses, with preference to applications participating under the cannabis social equity and jobs program. Municipalities would also be allowed to opt out from allowing new recreational cannabis companies from operating in the area, though they could not block existing medical cannabis businesses from expanding to add co-located adult-use operations. Employers would also be allowed to maintain policies prohibiting workers from consuming recreational cannabis. The results itself says that the results are “remarkably consistent” with other recent, publicly-released polls.  One of the most recent polls, conducted by Fallon Research and published in August, found that 59% of voters said they would vote yes on the initiative. This poll also used colloquial ballot language when prompting answers, referencing the specific policy changes Ohioans could expect if they voted yes. Another recent poll conducted by Suffolk university also found that 59% of voters support legalizing adult-use cannabis possession and sales. A recent study shows that the adult-use market could also create potential for hefty boosts in tax revenue. The study conducted by Ohio State University suggests that the state could generate between $275 million and $403 million by the fifth year of operations in adult-use tax revenue, should voters move to legalize. The most recent poll data can be found here.

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India Carves Out Its Own Lane in the Shroom Boom

The first mushroom festival in India took place September 15-18 in the verdant and fungally diverse tropical forests of Wayanad in the southern state of Kerala. The inaugural Shroom Sabha attracted mycophiles from all corners of the subcontinent, and struck an acute balance between professionalism and playfulness that brought out the best of each quality.  While the “Shroom Boom” happening in the West has garnered headlines and primetime coverage for the last several years, the mushroom revolution in India has somehow managed to evolve in relative isolation from the rest of the world.  The laws and social mores around psilocybin mushrooms, and mushrooms in general, still skew heavily conservative in the country of 1.5 billion people. But the legacy and lore of mushrooms in India extends back to ancient times, and what’s happening now is in some ways a reclamation effort more so than a cutting edge development. The renowned ‘Soma’ ritual drink mentioned in millenia old Vedic texts has been conjectured to be an entheogenic fungi by a number of notable researchers and historians, and indigenous tribes throughout the subcontinent have long used numerous different species of fungi for food, medicine, materials, and a variety of other purposes.  In addition to dozens of types of fungi with documented indigenous use cases as food and medicine, India is home to myriad different strains of psilocybin mushrooms. Animals such as cattle, elephants and rhinoceroses provide a turnkey substrate with their manure, and the humid tropical environments found across large swathes of the country provide for the natural incubation and fruiting of psychoactive fungi. Some of these, such as the Orissa strain, have already likely found their way into your local supply. Other species such as the elusive Psilocybe wayanadensis from the Wayanad area where Shroom Sabha took place are harder to pin down and present an exciting opportunity for spore collectors and mycophiles to research.  Additional psychoactive fungi species from India include Copelandia cyanescens, Paneaoleus tropicalis, Psilocybe cubensis, and Psilocybe semilanceata among a number of others.  A constellation of Indian mycopreneurs congregated in person for the first time at Shroom Sabha to share research and best practices from their respective fields within the rapidly developing and globalizing field of mycology. Prithvi Kini of Indian mushroom startup Nuvedo presented a rigorously documented and cited study of entheomycology (the study of cultural use of psychoactive fungi) across the world as found in the traditions of the Mazatec and Siberian cultures among others. The presentation closed with a call to action that was also recently issued in the peer-reviewed Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge:  Does India Have Entheomycology Traditions? The oral nature of ancient tribal fungi knowledge in India has made it difficult to trace the legacy of psychoactive fungi knowledge across the distributed indigenous cultures here, but the ubiquity of psychoactive fungi species and the intimate relationship that these tribes have with their environments and other types of fungi suggest that there is a strong likelihood of an entheogenic fungi use legacy among them.  Beyond the subject of entheogenic fungi, a wealth of fungal knowledge with immediate practical applications and commercial potential was shared by conference participants. Indian mycopreneurs such as “M” of Terra Myco and Harikrishnan MT (@Indiantoadstool on Instagram) led wild mushroom identification forays into the dense tropical forests surrounding the reserve, while a ‘mushroom chef masterclass’ by Goa-based OG Mushroom incorporated some of the wild fungi found by the group – including the massive Pleurotus giganteous specimen. Nuvedo Co-Founder Jashid Hameed shared his aspiration for the startup he founded last year to be the #1 supplier of mushroom supplements in India by 2025, a goal which they are making considerable progress towards.  From cooking with mushrooms, to biofabrication of mushroom leather and materials, to cutting edge research into the medical potential of psilocybin mushrooms, to fungal diversity reports mapping out the Funga of India and forays into the extraordinarily biodiverse Periya Forest reserve in search of rare and potentially undocumented fungi, Shroom Sabha showcased an impressive wealth of Indian mushroom research and practical applications that so far have been happening in a silo largely disconnected from the rest of the world.  Each evening of the four day festival featured a musical performance and dance party, as well as a mesmerizing 90-minute drum circle on one of the nights and a closing Mardi Gras party. Highlights included Bonny Abraham giving an astounding performance on the oud, a traditional stringed instrument from Syria, multiple appearances from rare instrument collector and performer Xen Kat, and mycophile turned electronic music composer Siddharth. We were even treated to a properly mind blowing magic show that was as hilariously interactive as it was baffling. Sanjay (@illusionistsanjay on IG) showed us that magic and mushrooms are compatible in more ways than one might think.  As the United States grapples with the legacy burden of bad policymaking and cultural baggage attached to psychedelics from the burst bubble of scientific research and cultural adoption in the 1960’s, modern India has a ‘tabula rasa’ from which to approach any potential benefits that may be offered by psilocybin and the inherent potential of mushrooms as tools to catalyze regenerative industry across multiple sectors.  For example, a number of young mushroom entrepreneurs showcased their mycomaterial prototypes such as Reishi leather, mycelium bowls, and a rather impressive pure oyster-mushroom mycelium disc with the consistency of wood. The potential for sustainable biomaterials as such to scale is currently being demonstrated by the American company MycoWorks, which recently closed a $125 million Series C round and has just opened a full-scale mycelium leather production plant in South Carolina. Dr. Gokul Raj presented an in-depth analysis of medical research into the therapeutic benefit of psilocybin, lending an academically and professionally credible lens to the potential for the adoption of psychedelic science as a legitimate area of focus for the scientific community at some point in India’s future. Dr. Raj also spoke about the intersection of psychedelic medicine with traditional Indian yogic and Ayurvedic principles, which prioritize the wellness of mind and body through plant medicine and a healthy diet conducive to mental and physical health. This perspective also empowers a uniquely Indian framework for the potential integration of psychedelics into the broader culture, rather than relying on an explicitly western framework.  The stigma around fungi is slowly beginning to shift in India thanks to the research and contributions of the Shroom Sabha community and a rapidly growing class of mushroom enthusiasts across the country. As globalization accelerates and development in remote corners of the country continues to encroach upon tribal cultures, the largely undocumented and predominantly oral corpus of indigenous fungi knowledge here is up against potential extinction. Shroom Sabha partner organization and global NGO Fungi Foundation is mounting a heroic effort to document and archive this priceless ethnomycological legacy spread across our planet while the window of opportunity is still open, as are a rising number of other activists and conservationists around the world.  The inaugural Shroom Sabha demonstrates that the mushroom revolution in India is officially underway, and the future for the 1.5 billion citizens of India may indeed be designed and built with a little help from our fungi friends.

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From the Archives: A Lifetime Supply of Peyote Magic (1977)

By J. F. Burke Most of my life it’s been boo, booze and blow. I didn’t get into trips until I was 42, in 1957, when a friend of mine in Santa Fe introduced me to peyote. A Taos Indian had given a dozen peyote buttons to each of several persons in Santa Fe’s art colony. One of them a serigrapher who did realistic still lifes of mushrooms had been waiting for me to arrive and trip with him. I knew very little about peyote at that time, but I did know enough to be aware of the problem of getting it past our palates, so I pulverized the dried buttons in a Waring blender and tamped the powder into gelatin capsules. Otherwise our soft palates might have reflexively ejected the peyote, which I’d been told was incredibly bitter. We washed the caps down with cold mountain well water. My friend’s trip must have been very strange, for he spent the first eight hours wrapped in a Navaho blanket, curled up like a chrysalis in a cocoon and chanting in a language that sounded Indian to me. After eight hours he emerged from his cocoon smiling, looking beatific and saying nothing. Very mysterious. Afterwards, when I asked him what language he’d been chanting, he said English. I objected that it didn’t sound remotely like English but very much like some Indian tongue. He said that was just my own mental confusion, a peyote hallucination. When I asked him what he’d been chanting about, he said he’d been chanting “in praise of everything,” as he put it. Just what an Indian shaman might do, I commented. He ridiculed the thought. But if he really believed he’d been chanting English, he was out of his tree. English it was not. As for my own trip, I spent the first four hours laughing, just laughing, for everything was laughable. It seemed to me that laughter was the truest response to the world. Apparently I’d needed a good laugh for a long time. The next time Mescalito came to me, I was with my wife Rosa. We ate peyote every day for 15 months. Mescalito stayed with us all that time. Sometimes I feel he never left. Rosa and I sent to Smith’s Cacti Ranch in Laredo, Texas, for peyote, which was legal then and was being sold in the East Village for 25 cents a button. We got it by mail order at $10 per 100 buttons plus $3 postage. You received your shipment via parcel post with a U.S. Department of Agriculture stamp on the carton attesting to the purity of the contents. This was back in 1961—the good old days! Our first shipment arrived on a Friday. A few of the buttons had rotten spots from being locked up in the mailing carton for several days. These were big, fresh, green, juicy buttons. We cut out the bad spots. Then we set the hundred buttons out around the apartment, wherever there was a horizontal surface. They were everywhere. They seemed to have presence, as we say in theater. They were fleshlike to the touch, and they looked lovely with their elegant little silvery tufts. We could smell them, too, an earthy smell, quite delicate. They looked like big, round living emeralds. Or perhaps imperial jade. I cut a slice off one, and we tasted it. Words have not been coined for such unbelievable bitterness. So we had a problem. How to eat this little green god? You can’t pulverize the fresh, juicy buttons and cap them as with the dried ones. We knew that people had tried to minimize the taste by brewing infusions, boiling porridge, making milk shakes. We decided that somehow we’d meet the problem head-on. So we slept on it. While we slept, Mescalito was everywhere in the room, 100 of him. Saturday morning we woke up knowing how to handle the eating problem. We removed the tiny silvery tufts, washed the buttons in cold water, dried them gently with soft towels and then chopped up a few of the biggest, fattest, juiciest. We minced them. We also ground some dark Brazilian beans and made a pot of strong coffee laced with honey. Still, it’s no easy task chewing the bitter green mass prior to swallowing it. You chew like a rabbit, keeping it in the front of your mouth, well away from the soft palate. Then, when it’s ready to be swallowed, you put the cup of coffee to your lips, swallow the peyote and follow it immediately with the coffee so that you’re washing the peyote past the esophagus before the soft palate can react. Once it’s past the esophagus you’re home free, except perhaps for a queasy stomach. Some people experience nausea, and some even throw up, but it’s no big thing, for the peyote comes up much easier than it goes down, and it doesn’t have to stay in the stomach long for the active principle (mescaline) to enter the bloodstream. I’ve never had more than a very slight queasiness, and I’ve never thrown up. The queasy feeling doesn’t last long. Anyway, I enjoy the initial toxic reactions, particularly the muscle spasms. Orgasmic. Now, one of the most significant things that Mescalito taught us about ourselves during our 15 months’ regimen is that peyote itself does not taste bitter. This is not a paradox. If you continue eating peyote every day, and long enough, the bitterness decreases. Eventually it will go away altogether. But the peyote itself is a constant factor, so it can’t be the cactus that changes. If it was bitter, it will still be bitter. Ergo, the peyote wasn’t bitter; the peyote eater’s taste was. Certainly peyote clears and heightens the senses, all of them, so that we see, hear, taste, feel and smell differently, more intensely, deeply, clearly. It shouldn’t be surprising, then, that the taste of the taster changes. To put it another way, Mescalito is not only a teacher. The little god is also a profound physician. For some of us, peyote can be a psychic purgative. We’d done our homework, so we knew what was then generally known about Lophophora williamsii. Since the main active principle is the alkaloid mescaline, the dosage of which varies around 400 milligrams, depending on one’s body weight, we assumed the peyote dosage should be measured likewise. Being a small woman, Rosa ate only three of the buttons, big ones. I’m 5’11” and then weighed 175 pounds, so I ate nine. Then we smoked some reefer and waited. In about 20 minutes, I became restless, so instead of waiting for the reaction I went out and spaded the new garden plot. We’d just moved into the apartment and had yet to start our first seeds. The arable part of our garden measured some 30 by 40 feet, but it took me only half an hour to turn the earth and weed it. When I was done, I was sweating so heavily I looked like I’d been standing in a cloudburst. And I smelled like a cab horse. I undressed and went into the shower. Rosa joined me. When we came out, still naked and dripping wet, we saw with wonder the paintings on our walls glowing as if alive. The walls themselves seemed to breathe. The big tree in our garden was moving not only its limbs, branches and leaves, but its very bark seemed to undulate. Everything was in pulsating motion. I felt like singing, so I picked up my mandola and began to tune it. And here Mescalito rid me of a very annoying problem. I’d always loved to play stringed instruments and sing, but I had no tone control. I was utterly incapable of tuning the instrument accurately, and I couldn’t sing on pitch. I could hear the awful sounds I made, all right, but I couldn’t help it. My habit was to play and sing only when I was alone, but of course from time to time someone would have the misfortune to hear me. On this peyote morning I tuned the mandola accurately and sang truly for the first time in my life. I felt like a fledgling in first flight. Free! Rosa and I often sang duets after that, when we were tripping. She taught me her Portuguese songs, fados, and I taught her Mexican and Spanish songs. On that first peyote Saturday we were so charged that despite our long shower we had to take our energy to bed, and there we merged, entwined like Aztec stone carvings into a single complex form, interpenetrating, so that we could not tell who was inside whom. For a time we seemed to be lying atop a great pyramid in Mexico, alone together under a high blue sky, our kaleidoscopic orgasms surging, ever changing, reaching into all parts of our bodies, filling us with brightness and sheer ecstasy. It must have been early afternoon when our apartment and unplanted garden were suddenly transformed into a Mexican hacienda somewhere in Chihuahua, and we seemed to see golden chamiso bushes and a tall yucca with a yucca moth hovering among the pearly flowers. We could smell the desert and hear lizards and small birds chirping. The fantasy—or as Carlos Castaneda later would say, this other reality—was very substantial even though we knew we were in Manhattan and there were no chamisos or yuccas, much less yucca moths, in our backyard. And we saw much more, which later I set down in a poem. Yucca welcomes her lover under the moon. He hovers like pale kisses, fluttering. Silkworm weaves his mandarin cocoon. Cat schemes by a groundhole, muttering. Owl waits and watches, hooting mirth. Hummingbird drinks nectar from the rose. She opens her secret petals ardently. Roots strongly embrace the warm and willing earth. And all things love to be sweetly bound, not free. Ask the yucca’s personal moth, who knows. Of thoughts like these our waking dreams are spun: We would be as flowers that follow the sun— Oh, never count the hours!—As the river grows from streams and flows to the sea, so would we be. After our first four hours’ rush, we had four hours of very high euphoria and fresh perceptions and then four hours of gently settling back, except that we didn’t get all the way back to where we’d started. We never did. Not quite. We went to sleep high that night, slept beautifully and woke beautifully in the dawn, ready for love and a good breakfast. We were in for a surprise. When we’d prepared our usual eggs and toast, we didn’t want the eggs. Couldn’t eat them. Though very hungry, we were nauseated by the smell of cooked eggs. What we really wanted, and what we ate with gusto, was fresh fruit, bread, cheese and coffee. We didn’t know it yet, but Mescalito was already turning us into vegetarians, curing us of smoking tobacco and giving us a distaste for alcohol. The little god also got us into reading yogic literature, but that came with time. We ate peyote again at sunset that day, which was a Sunday, and made a night trip. Again we took it to bed and got deep into our inner spaces. Clinging together, entwined, floating freely in space that was both microcosm and macrocosm, we saw atoms and molecules as miniature solar systems and galaxies, and we saw the visible universe as a crystal of star systems, which of course we recognized as the mescaline molecule. When we’d reached the thumping conclusion that the universe was a colossal crystal of mescaline, we understood. Mescalito has a cosmic sense of humor. To put it philosophically, the little god was demonstrating oneness. The following day was Monday, but I didn’t go to the office. I’d decided during the night to try working behind peyote, since we’d found it to be such a powerful energizer. However, discretion being the better part of valor, I thought I’d better run the experiment at home. I could imagine some pretty funny scenes if I should start tripping at Westpark Publications. I wasn’t sure what a working dosage should be, but that it was possible to work on peyote I had no doubt, for a seafaring friend of mine had once dealt craps in Las Vegas while on peyote, and he had to keep a lot of action sorted out in his mind. He said peyote helped him do it fast and accurately. Three buttons, he said. Huxley had written in The Doors of Perception, “Mescaline… gives access to contemplation—but to a contemplation that is incompatible with action and even with the will to action, the very thought of action.” Well, I didn’t think so. That was his trip. Not my seafaring crap dealer’s. Certainly the Huichol, the Tarahumara and other nations get into a lot of action when they’re tripping on peyote. They sing, dance, run up and down mountains. As it turned out, I could as well have made the test at the office. I ate three buttons of medium size and waited an hour, then got into some manuscripts. It wasn’t a trip, on this smaller dosage, but I still felt enormously energized. I was, however, allowing myself to get too deep into the work, deeper than it called for. This, I could see, was something I’d have to watch if I wanted to work behind peyote. I’ve worked behind grass for over 20 years, and I recall that at first I had to learn how to handle, how to concentrate behind smoke. Well, concentrating behind peyote is a bit harder to learn, but once you’ve got it, you can concentrate better than before. Deeper, more focused. Or centered. By noon the work was done. The next day was Tuesday, and I went to the office after breakfasting on three peyote buttons, medium size. A number of my associates commented on my appearance and mood. “You’re looking great. Been smoking something?” That sort of thing. The day went fast and I got a mountain of work done. When I got home I found that Rosa had spent the whole day, instead of her usual two or three hours, writing in her journal. And that’s the way it went for the next 15 months: love first thing in the morning, peyote for breakfast, good work all day, together again for dinner and a quiet evening talking, then bedtime and more love and sleep. Weekends we’d sometimes take larger doses and see how far out (or in) we could trip. And from time to time we’d abstain for a day or two, to check up. At first we found that peyote’s salutary effects seemed to last only two or three days before we developed a yen. Nothing heavy. Just a yen. But as time went by we also noticed that we needed less to get off, until at the end of 15 months I was taking a single large button in the morning, and Rosa a smaller one. Of course, we sometimes replenished ourselves during the afternoon with another button. There was no comedown at the end of the day, no crash, only a pleasantly tired feeling and a readiness to rest. If we wanted more energy then, we simply ate another button. Why no crash? Where did all the energy come from? Not from peyote. The cactus acts like a catalyst. The energy comes from the peyote eater. We have a much greater energy potential than we’re ordinarily aware of. It’s like the mind’s potential, which, as is well known, we barely tap. Well, peyote taps it but doesn’t exhaust it. There’s always more. On occasion, say a weekend, we’d trip on and on, without sleep, eating a button or two from time to time, for 36 or 48 hours. How long we could have gone, I have no idea, but there seemed to be no reason to try and set a record on that count. We’d already set one by the end of our first month on peyote. I soon began taking my lunch to work. I kept a basket of bread and cheese, fresh fruit and raw vegetables on my desk, and one of the fruits (vegetables) was always a large peyote button, in case I felt like recharging during the afternoon. The first of my fellow workers to ask about the strange green fruit in the basket was Bob Shea, one of the swingier editors at Westpark. The dialogue went something like this: “Is that some kind of tropical fruit? It looks like a cactus.” “It’s peyote.” “Heard of it. Mind if I taste it?” “Please do.” He took a tiny bite, very tiny, and put the rest back in the basket. He gave me an odd look and went to his office across the hall. In half a minute I heard him spitting and making guttural noises. He came back saying, “You mean you actually eat that stuff?” “Every day.” “You’re pulling my leg. I hope to God it doesn’t make me sick.” To allay his anxiety I took a fair bite out of the big button that he’d nibbled. I chewed it well and carefully, up front between my front teeth, and swallowed it without coffee. Bob looked at me as if I’d gone mad. He knows better now, of course, for since then he’s co-written a book called Illuminatus, which gives clearly recognizable evidence that he’s found a way into his own head. Mescalito certainly smiled on Rosa and me, for all those 15 months. The end came when some professional prohibitionists in Washington, D.C., decided that peyote was Indian medicine, fit only for Indians, not for whites. The official decision was that it could be used only for religious ritual by bona fide members of the Native American Church. Smith’s Cacti Ranch and other legitimate suppliers weren’t willing to bootleg the buttons, which cut down the supply to the vanishing point, so that was the end of our 15 months. From time to time some buttons would show up in New York, and they still do, very poor plants compared to what we were used to. Those 15 months were one of our highest times, though not, I hasten to add, the very highest. That high came soon after, when we received our first little sugar cubes from a beautiful psychedelic artist in the East Village. Read the full issue here.

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Leafing Through the Lore

The sheer amount of work that goes into publishing a book, from the challenges that arise during research to the technicalities behind photography, is often overlooked. This is especially evident for books about cannabis and cannabis culture. Higher: The Lore, Legends, and Legacy of Cannabis, written by Dan Michaels and featuring photography by Erik Christiansen aka Erik Nugshots, was recently released by Ten Speed Press. The book explores the legends, legacy, and lore of cannabis, including 100 portraits of the most popular strains out there, specifically 50 classic strains and 50 modern strains. It also provides information on lineage, taste, the ranges of THC content, and common effects, while including the hijinks and historical milestones that shaped the world of cannabis. The project is nothing new for the duo: Christiansen and Michaels have worked together on several books in the past including Green: A Marijuana Journal, Green: A Pocket Guide to Pot, and Green: A Field Guide to Marijuana. With several cannabis books under their belts, they’ve learned a thing or two when it comes to what works and what doesn’t in a cannabis book. Higher traces the evolution of modern cannabis, going back to the Hippie Trail of Central Asia up to the Emerald Triangle in California. It also provides a historical timeline from prohibition days, including the Marihuana Tax Act, the War on Drugs, medical cannabis, and the rise of availability for adults. On the scientific side, the book explores plant anatomy, breeding of wild landraces, the first domesticated cannabis crops, and consumption. Importantly, it covers the world’s most influential cannabis strains ever created. We’ve showcased the original building blocks of cannabis, the landrace cultivars, within this spread. Narrowing down the list of strains was by far the hardest part of the process, Michaels said. Part of the problem was that choosing which strains are top is based on objective experiences. “We started with the varieties that we chose from experience, knowing what people were smoking at the time and what I thought were really important strains—whether for historical value, or genetics value, or a combination of both,” Michaels said. It’s one thing to have a particular strain in mind, and another to verify that information and have a current, accessible source for the photography. “The challenge was finding a particular variety and making sure it was authentic, making sure it came from the right place,” Michaels, who is also the founder of Sinsemedia, said. “The other challenge was that I didn’t want to exclude some varieties, especially in the newer ones that, you know, kind of are sort of important now. But again, at the same time, there are ones that we wanted to include that we couldn’t find and so we didn’t get them all. We probably could write about another 100 strains. But I think I’d say we got probably 90% of the ones we really wanted to include in there.” Gathering information and photography was inevitably impacted by outside factors, often out of their control. “Availability of the particular strains, finding a good grower, being able to trace the genetics back to the breeder, all those things are really important to make sure we were actually providing all the right information for the strain,” Michaels said. Michaels explained that the primer section is a combination of things, partly an extension of the information he put together years ago in the Green books, with lots of updates, given the nearly 10-year span after 2014, when his first book on cannabis was published. “I also wanted to include a lot of the lore element of cannabis, which would be some history, some evolution, you know, where it came from, how it got to where it is today, things of that nature, which I thought were important to sort of document,” he said. He maintains that he didn’t set out to make a history book; instead, Higher includes some major milestones in the history of the plant, but he understands that you can’t please everyone. “No matter what you put down, you’re always gonna have somebody telling you, ‘You are wrong,’ or that ‘You missed a particular detail,’” Michael said. “So I tried to make a point to not be general, but at least, if I knew it was a fact, I presented it as a fact. If it’s sort of still sort of a debatable thing in the industry—which a lot of things still are—I tried to present it that way.” Sticking to the facts also meant telling the truth about THC, not the inflated numbers you might see on the label in a dispensary. He explained that when you look at a THC percentage of a product on a dispensary menu, it’s going to give you an idea of the THC range but not a precise number as so many other factors can impact a batch. “People are drawn to the THC, it’s almost like people are drawn to alcohol content,” Michaels said. “We consciously made an effort to instead of including a number I tried to do a range of THC just because that’s the right way to do it. Because I mean, you can grow a particular variety, and you’re not going to get consistent THC, you know, to the decimal point every time. So consciously, I made a point to include a range.” Christiansen explained the challenges surrounding intellectual property and protecting his work. He remembers a specific incident in 2011—actually the first time any cannabis publication published one of his shots of the plant, using it in one of their ads. Protecting his work is a bit more straightforward nowadays. “It’s a little easier to protect my work today,” he said. “We have tools that can search the internet and find photos that have been posted on websites and stuff. And back in the day, I was running a blog where I was posting my photos so they were out there in higher resolution so people could easily just swipe them.” Getting the richness of colors and detail in the photos requires some background knowledge. The photography Christiansen delivers is a result of a layering process that enables him to focus on all parts of the plant. “Basically, with photography, the closer you get, the less it is in focus,” Christiansen said. “So focus stacking is basically a way to kind of overcome that problem. You basically take a picture, and then move the camera or the subject forward until what’s in focus has moved out of focus. And you capture the next slab of focus. And then you repeat that process all the way through the subject until you’ve captured everything that you want in focus in your final picture. And then there’s computer software that you put all those pictures in, it detects the focus areas in each photo, and then combines them together.” Self-taught in the field of photography, Christiansen is a pioneer of focus-stacked photography, particularly cannabis flower. His hyper-detailed macrophotography has been featured on the cover of Newsweek magazine, and you can also find his work in Time magazine, Slate, NPR, and Mashable. Several factors are needed in order to capture the true beauty of cannabis flower. At his Nugshots online store, Christiansen sells prints, calendars, and other products featuring his brilliant captures of the cannabis plant. Christiansen said he needs at bare minimum a couple of things in order to capture the sparkle of the trichomes best. “First of all, the grow needs to have been not touched. That’s the biggest thing. If I get to a plant and the grower squeezed it to check the terpenes, you’re going to see those popped to trichomes in the picture. So first and foremost, it needs to be an untouched sample. And then beyond that, just good lighting, good lens, and then the focus stacking is really what brings out that depth and really makes it pop.” Print is really where Christiansen’s work can be seen best, Michaels said, adding that it’s only when the photography reaches that resolution can it be fully appreciated. “When you see Erik’s stuff online, like on a screen, I don’t think it really shines like it does when it’s in print,” Michaels said. “Because, you know, you can see things on screen and you could kind of cheat things in terms of resolution quality. When Eric’s imagery is printed, and especially in this new book, I think people are going to appreciate it way more.” This article was originally published in the May 2023 issue of High Times Magazine.

https://hightimes.com/

The Search for the Next Great Strain

Halle Pennington wears a loose white shirt resembling a lab coat and counts out 5,000 cannabis seeds with a machine typically used for sorting diamonds. The seeds per weight, she says, are equivalent to the price of gold. We’re in the headquarters of Humboldt Seed Company on the second stop of a multi-week tour that includes visiting cannabis farms across Northern California. The tour aims to show visitors the rigorous and methodical process that the seed company undergoes to develop what they hope is the world’s next big cannabis strain.  Our mission begins close to the California/Oregon border in the heart of the wild woods and rivers of Bigfoot Country, but we’re hunting for another mythical creature, “unicorn” cannabis plants—so named because of their magical rarity.  While many cannabis competitions assess dried and cured flowers, this tour is a different sort of contest, one that pits weed plants still weeks away from harvest against each other to judge which ones come out on top. By the end of the trek—a two-week sprint to eight farms—the team will have put eyes on 10,000 plants, all in the dream of finding no more than 20 winners.  Cannabis is unusual for a flowering plant. It’s dioecious, meaning it has two distinct sexes. Male and female plants are created from seed. Clones are cuttings of female plants, meaning their genetic makeup will be identical. When grown from seed, cannabis plants show variety.  Seeds from the same parents will express different physical features. In the plant breeding world, these physical variations are called phenotypes. Phenotypes are what you can see and smell; they’re the traits the environment pulls from the plant’s genetic code. When cannabis breeders hunt through different phenotypes to find the best expression of a strain, they call it a phenohunt. What Humboldt Seed Company has developed takes that concept of a phenohunt on the road. Invited guests who join in get the opportunity to hunt through the HSC strains growing in several different environments. The tour is all a part of the business plan. HSC has saved clone cuttings of all the plants from each farm and will be able to develop the winning lines further. The idea is that we might someday see seeds created from the genetic lines of the plants hunted on this year’s adventure. On the morning of the first day of the HSC 2023 phenohunt, I arrive at Nat Pennington’s Humboldt County farm just in time to witness him carving a large zucchini to turn it into a bong. Nat’s daughter and HSC’s chief science officer, Halle, is getting together the fixings for a farm-fresh breakfast.  Other people are arriving for the tour as well, including Dakota McLearn and Quinten, aka Mr. Q—two buddies based in Medellín, Colombia, who are joining in all eight days of the phenohunt to put together videos for their Youtube channel Home Grow TV. Mclearn met the HSC crew shortly after first smoking the brand’s signature strain, Blueberry Muffin, at a cannabis event in Colombia.  “I’m big time on terps over here, like the cannabinoids and the effects, and so that’s where they had me; it was so unique,” McLaren says. “Blueberry Muffin and Hella Jelly were so different and so in their own world that I was like, ‘Holy shit, what else is there?” The phenohunt officially begins after we each take rips of Cali Octane out of the zucchini bong. Before I can chat with Nat, the CEO and co-founder of HSC, about the tour we go into the garden to pick a yellow watermelon that we eat as a part of the morning’s breakfast. Plucking the melon from the garden, I learn the first science lesson of the day. “It’s a diploid,” Nat jokes with his business partner Benjamin Lind as we head back into his kitchen to carve up the fruit. It’s a genetics joke between cannabis breeders. The joke has to do with understanding genotypes, the traits present within the DNA of different cannabis strains that provide the blueprint for a spectrum of possibilities.   Cells containing two sets of chromosomes, the packages of DNA with instructions for life, are diploids. The two sets of chromosomes in diploid cells are the genetics of each parent. Most cells in humans are diploid cells, but there is a broader range of variation in the plant world. Typically, cannabis plants are diploids, but HSC is developing extremely rare cannabis plants that are triploids; these plants have three sets of chromosomes. Seedless watermelons and grapes are triploids; they’re sterile and don’t contain seeds.  Triploids can occur naturally, but also when breeders cross diploid plants with tetraploid plants. Those are, you guessed it, cells with four chromosomes. To create many of its triploids HSC uses genetic material from a crocus, a flowering plant that is the source of the spice saffron.  Cannabis can naturally be diploid, triploid, or tetraploid. In fact, during a presentation on the final day of the phenohunt, Richard Philbrook— a plant molecular biologist who works at Dark Heart Nursery—reveals that Capitulator’s MAC 1 is a natural triploid, explaining why it only exists as a clone.  When it comes to crops like bananas, triploid plants are grown to result in more vigorous growth and increase yields.  Triploids are the mules of the plant world. They can’t reproduce. HSC is looking at them to see what their benefits might be. Guaranteed seedless pot? On the tour, we’re witnessing the birth of triploid breeding work in cannabis in real-time. “This is the future, right?” Ravi Spaarenberg of Sensi Seeds says as we observe triploids growing at the phenohunt’s final stop, Burr’s Place in Calaveras County. “We’ve walked through the history and what we’re doing this year and what’s the future of cannabis. Just looking at the bud structure of the [triploid] flower, the smell, the terps, everything is more and better, and that’s where we’re going, right?” Spaarenberg explains that in terms of the future of breeding cannabis, the new markers are triploids, F1 hybrids (cultivars produced by crossing two stable seed lines called inbred lines), and minor cannabinoids. On the phenohunt’s final day, you can see the excitement in the faces of the HSC crew as they observe the Royal Highness crosses in triploid form.  “These are the biggest buds I’ve seen in the field,” Lind says. “It’s further along, it’s super frosty.” Lind explains that Cotton Candy grapes are much larger than wild grapes and contain more sugar than regular table grape varieties. Could that mean triploid cannabis plants could create more trichomes? He says triploids are “the next great step in cannabis evolution.” Renowned cannabis cultivation author Jorge Cervantes agrees with Lind’s assessment, stating that triploids are already huge in modern agriculture. “[Triploids] are going to make a huge difference in the modern [cannabis] marketplace,” Cervantes says, noting the main differences are in things like yield and disease resistance.  Cannabis is a wind-pollinated plant, and triploids cannot be pollinated, Cervantes explains. That means that cannabis farmers growing triploids would not have to worry that a neighboring hemp field could pollinate their crop.    “With triploids, they’re like mules; they can’t accept pollen,” cannabis horticulture expert Ed Rosenthal tells me. “So you could have a field that’s filled with males.”  Within Rosenthal’s latest book, the Cannabis Grower’s Handbook, it’s explained that polyploidy—or anything possessing more than two sets of chromosome pairs— is understood to increase the compounds responsible for flavor and aroma. “Cannabis, thankfully, is not an exception to this trend, and the breeders say aroma compounds such as terpenes, esters, and aldehydes in their triploid varieties are heightened significantly,” the handbook reads. Before we jump into a whirlwind tour of the homestead HSC cannabis garden, I pin Nat down to ask what a phenotype is. “To sum it up, it’s the outward expression of an individual within a species like cannabis,” he says. “It’s what you can see, touch, smell, feel.” As a cannabis breeder, the other indicator Nat looks at is a chemotype, a plant’s chemical makeup. Cannabis chemotypes are determined through tests conducted in labs and the field, showing things like the all-important presence of THC. Almost everything his seed company creates is high in THC, so Nat and his team are looking for other winning aspects. Qualifiers of the phenohunt include a plant’s overall structure, ability to resist disease, smell, the color of its flowers and leaves in shades of greens and purples, and the trichome density on the buds.  The tour is all for research and development. “You’d be surprised, in the field, you think, ‘Oh, how am I going to pick a winner?’ but there will be two or four or 10 that you’ll fall in love with,” Halle explains. “It’s got terps, it’s got structure, it’s got the trichomes. Like you know, it’s beautiful, it has color. Those are the ones that are an easy pick.” A key aspect to the success of the HSC’s mega phenohunt is all of the people it involves. The wandering tour picks up new participants at each farm location, and the results are a group effort in selection. On the way, participants see some of HSC’s more recent strain creations, Granny Candy and Chicken and Waffles, at remote locations such as Full Moon Farms at the eastern edge of Humboldt County. Each night ends with a party and a full spread of food and cannabis flowers. The whole experience is a true community collaboration.  At the close of the first evening of the two-week-long tour, Sammy Gensaw grills a salmon on redwood sticks around the fire. Gensaw grew up near Nat’s farm on the Yurok Indian Reservation and spent his childhood fishing on the Klamath River, one of the earth’s most diverse temperate forest regions. He met Nat through their work as organizers for the Un-dam the Klamath coalition.  The Klamath River once supported abundant fish populations, including Chinook and coho salmon. Indigenous communities and activists have worked for decades to restore the native habitat by removing the dams built between 1903 and 1963. That’s finally happening this year and represents one of the most extensive dam removal and river restoration projects in the history of the world. “We have a responsibility to take care of this place,” Gensaw says. “One, you have to take care of yourself, so if you take care of yourself physically, spiritually, mentally, it’s something you do your whole life… if you’re on that right path, you’ll be able to take care of the people you love and build relationships with people you love.” Once you’re doing that—loving the ones that love you back—Gensaw tells me the idea is to “take care of the place we all need to do it.” “When you come to a place like this, you start to lay down roots in the community,” he says. “It’s like mycelium. Everybody becomes a piece of it. This energy here has outlived us all, and we just become a part of it. We fold into it. Protecting that kind of experience on this river for future generations, that’s what it’s all about… We realize people all over the world are fighting for the same thing we are. We call it a restorative revolution.” Like the genomic studies HSC is now undergoing with cannabis plants, Nat conducted a genomic study of salmon, writing a grant in 2005, to show the difference between spring and fall salmon. The result of the research added the salmon to the endangered species list.   “Now we’re applying the same thing to cannabis,” Nat says right before he plays guitar with legendary reggae performer Don Carlos to close the end of this year’s phenohunt.    By the end of my time on the multi-week journey, I felt the pulse of the California cannabis community in the weeks leading up to the 2023 outdoor harvest. I went to the spot with the world’s most Bigfoot sightings, swam in the Klamath River, ate salmon and fry bread by the fire, and danced under the stars. Even though I can’t be sure if I saw a unicorn plant, the HSC’s 2023 phenohunt was nothing short of pure magic. 

https://hightimes.com/

Ukrainian Immigrants Open Dispensary in West Virginia

Ukrainian immigrants looking for a better future are turning to opportunities in medical cannabis in multiple states. The Herald-Dispatch reports that a pair of Ukrainian immigrants are owners of a new dispensary opening up in Huntington, West Virginia. While one of the operators emigrated to the U.S. decades ago, they are proudly supporting their home country as it battles Russian forces. Over 271,000 Ukrainian refugees have been admitted to the U.S. since Russia invaded Ukraine over a year ago, according to the Department of Homeland Security, as of Last February. 117,000 of those came via the Biden administration’s “Uniting for Ukraine” program, which allows Americans to sponsor Ukrainians. Huntington Gardens co-owner Frederick Bartolovic, professor from Marshall University’s Art Department, and his partner Michelle Strader painted a Ukraine-inspired mural on the building with yellow and blue to show support for the homeland. Co-owner Rita Tsalyuk, a cannabis entrepreneur and native of Ukraine, left her country over 30 years ago, but is promoting awareness for the injustices of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Some immigrants are working their way into the cannabis industry in multiple states, including West Virginia. Kayla McClaskey told the paper that she is opening a new dispensary in Huntington for the Colorado-based multistate operator Yuma Way. “Huntington Gardens at 1338 3rd Avenue should be open by mid-October,” McClaskey told The Herald-Dispatch. “We still haven’t made a decision on our hours of operation, but will finalize all of that [once] our inspections are complete and we are closer to opening.” ​​​​​​Senate Bill 386, signed into law on April 19, 2017, by Gov. Jim Justice, created the Medical Cannabis Act that allows for cannabis to be used for certified medical use. Huntington is the second-largest city in West Virginia, and dispensaries are just beginning to open in the city. “I am sure that the blue and yellow in the middle of Herd Country must be odd to see for some, especially this time of the year with football season,” McClaskey said. “Rest assured though, it is not some bold representation of the Mountaineers of WVU, in fact the owners of the new dispensary are actually Ukrainian immigrants who have lived and built many successful businesses across Colorado, California, Michigan, New Jersey, and now here in West Virginia.” High Times reported in April 2022 about the small but growing cannabis community in Ukraine that’s standing strong with their country as the nation resists the Russian invasion. One group, Freedom March, has been advocating for progressive drug policy, leading demonstrations for the legalization of cannabis in Ukraine and defending the rights of medicinal cannabis patients since 2005. Freedom March member Nazarii Sovsun says the majority of the group’s activists are involved in the resistance to the Russian invasion in some fashion. Freedom March has launched a fundraising campaign, Cannabis Stands with Ukraine, that is seeking donations from the worldwide cannabis community and freedom lovers everywhere. Donations to Freedom March will support the cause in conjunction with the Kyiv School of Economics Charitable Foundation, which has already purchased nearly $300,000 worth of emergency medical supplies for delivery to the region, according to wire transfer documentation and invoices provided by Sovsun. Reform is taking place on Ukrainian soil as well. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky last June called on lawmakers to legalize medical cannabis, saying the treatment could provide relief to those in the country suffering from the “trauma of war.”  Berner, as it turns out, was the first entrepreneur to open up a dispensary in the city, as part of his large dispensary chain Cookies, according to a Sept. 22 press release. Cookies opened their first West Virginia cannabis dispensary on Saturday, Sept. 23 at 2689 5th Ave. in Huntington. Cookies is partnering with local retailer Country Grown Cannabis to open the Cookies dispensary at 2689 5th Ave in Huntington on Saturday, Sept. 23. Cookies is also collaborating with West Virginia professional growers Harvest Care Medical to cultivate Cookies’ acclaimed cannabis cultivars. “We have been working hard to ensure the highest quality product is ready for the market, and we are excited to offer Cookies products to the growing number of West Virginia patients in need of medical cannabis,” Berner said in a press release. “We can’t wait for West Virginia patients to enjoy our world-class staple menu, and experience a cannabis dispensary like no other—an experience that Cookies is proud to bring to West Virginia.” The opening of Huntington Gardens and the latest Cookies location provide choices for residents of the city who are taking advantage of West Virginia’s fairly recent medical cannabis law.

https://hightimes.com/

Heavy Cannabis Use Linked to Increased Risk of Heart Problems in Canadian Study

A new research report has found that individuals diagnosed with “cannabis use disorder” have a roughly 60% higher chance of experiencing certain heart problems than adults of the same age and gender without the same diagnosis. The study, published in Addiction on Wednesday, was conducted using medical data from just under 60,000 adults in Alberta, Canada. Diagnostic codes for cannabis use disorder, defined as an individual who is unable to stop using cannabis on their own despite experiencing adverse life events, were paired and compared to diagnostic codes for a range of different cardiovascular issues including but not limited to heart attack, heart failure and stroke that occurred during the time of the study (January 1, 2012-December 31, 2019). “Canadian adults with cannabis use disorder appear to have an approximately 60% higher risk of experiencing incident adverse cardiovascular disease events than those without cannabis use disorder,” the study said. “Importantly, this evidence suggests that cannabis use may place a healthier population at increased risk of major cardiovascular events. As a result, our study points to the importance of educating our patients about the potential risks associated with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.” The study also found, based on their available data, that otherwise healthy individuals diagnosed with cannabis use disorder actually seemed to be at greater risk of these cardiovascular events. In this case “healthy” means they had not been diagnosed with a co-occuring mental health disorder, had not been to the doctor in the last six months, had not been prescribed any medication and were not suffering from any other medical conditions. The lead author of the study told Forbes that this data does not necessarily indicate a direct link between heavy cannabis use and heart problems, but more research needed to be conducted in the area to be sure. It’s hard to control for every factor when analyzing big datasets, especially when dealing with something like cannabis use which people often do not disclose to their doctor. “It’s important to emphasize that these findings are observational, and they provide insights into patterns within our dataset. However, they do not establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship,” lead author Dr. Anees Bahji, at the University of Calgary’s Cumming School of Medicine, told Forbes. The study itself suggested that while we cannot definitively take this data and associate cannabis with heart attacks, it could result in greater precautions being taken at the doctor’s office for individuals who frequently use cannabis. A new box to check on the intake form, if you will. “Finally, although our findings do not establish a causal link between cannabis use disorder and cardiovascular disease events, there is still a descriptive value to the project, particularly for applications such as screening individuals who use cannabis for cardiovascular disease, as it helps to establish the base rates of cardiovascular disease in this population,” the study said.” Recent studies have actually found somewhat contradictory data regarding cannabis use and heart problems. A study published in the American Journal of Cardiology just last month found that monthly cannabis use did not increase the risk of heart attacks, though it’s hard to compare that to a study of people with cannabis use disorder because people with that diagnosis obviously use cannabis much more frequently than once a month. The study in Addiction also acknowledged their results were inconsistent with one of the longest-running cardiovascular studies ever conducted. “…findings from prospective studies have been inconsistent with the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA), one of the largest prospective studies of its kind, finding that neither cumulative life-time nor recent use of cannabis is associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle age,” the study said. The study estimated that anywhere from 27% to 34% of people who use cannabis suffer from cannabis use disorder and it claimed that cannabis use disorder has been increasingly linked to adverse health outcomes, though much of the data surrounding the topic is still extremely limited. “Cannabis has been linked to serious cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis and cardiac arrhythmias,” the study said. “Although the exact mechanisms by which cannabis use may induce cardiovascular disease events are unknown, it appears to be through activation of the endogenous cannabinoid system, consisting of endocannabinoids, their receptors and complex downstream signaling pathways.”

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