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A curated news hub focused on hemp regulation and policy changes, cannabinoids (CBD/Delta-8/Delta-9/hemp-derived THC), lab testing and COAs, product safety, brands, and industry trends.

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https://hightimes.com/

Weed is Magic: A Rant in Two Parts

Can we bring back the magic? Can cannabis be “the plant that will save the world” again? I know that the scientists will tell you that cannabis isn’t “magic”. They will say something like, “actually, it’s the CBD in combination with the Limonene and the Delta 9 THC and yadda yadda that create the ‘magic’ you ascribe to this plant.” To that I say: Phooey. The cannabis plant will always be relevant and should be held sacred and treated with reverence and respect. For serious. I almost got in a fight (okay, that’s an exaggeration; I had a really heated debate) with a scientist that told a room full of people that “one day we won’t even need the plant. We will be able to synthesize the relevant compounds and the plant will be inconsequential.” What the fuck. Pardon my French, but ain’t no way you can tell me that the plant that has served as good medicine for thousands of years, the plant that makes better paper than trees and better fabrics than cotton, the plant that replenishes the soil as it grows, the plant that has inspired creativity from Louis Armstrong and Bing Crosby to Willie Nelson, Cypress Hill, Rihanna, and countless others, is inconsefuckingquential? Have you lost your mind? Cannabis is magical. It brings people together. You stand in a circle when you smoke it, making everyone in the circle equal for at least as long as it takes to smoke a joint. I’m friends with people that I would have never thought to talk to if it weren’t for weed. That’s magic. Weed loves it when people work together to make things better for Everyone. So please, remember the plant and keep it holy. Reread Jack Herer’s book and get re-inspired. HEMP CAN SAVE THE WORLD.  Have y’all figured it out yet? If you haven’t, please allow me to break it down for you: CANNABIS HATES CAPITALISM. There. I said it. And you need to listen. If you haven’t been paying attention, cannabis stocks are in a freefall. Medmen stocks are worth zero cents each. Tilray can’t make any money. And there are more multi-state operators swirling the drain as we speak. Why? The answer is simple: CANNABIS LOVES FREEDOM, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND DECENTRALIZATION! I know, it probably sounds weird to all the stock-slinging, block-chain-loving, Artificial-Intelligence-embracing, NFT-chasing people reading this, but weed doesn’t care about your market share. Pot doesn’t give a shit about your EBTIDA. Trust me. I talked to Cannabis last night (and this morning) and she told me that people in the cannabis business need to stop being such greedy capitalist hogs (remember: Pigs get fat, hogs get slaughtered), and get back into the more hippified way of doing well by doing good. And before you get all upset, understand this: Cannabis likes money. Cannabis has been in the money game longer than money has been around. Cannabis doesn’t like greedy people. And that’s not science, it’s magic.  Some of you are very young, so you weren’t around in the early days of the cannabis legalization movement. Some of you didn’t get into the cannabis business space until after legalization, so you think of cannabis as just another commodity, like seed corn or sugar beets. Some of you may have forgotten, or you weren’t around for the glory days of one of the best decentralized business models the world had ever seen. There used to be more than enough money to go around. Growers made good money. Sellers made good money. Hell, even the trimmers made good money. Now, mom and pop farms are floundering, and trimmers get paid by the hour. And that’s because we have allowed the single-minded pursuit of profit to keep us from our goals. Here’s a quick refresher on The Goals: legalize weed, help the sick and infirm with medical cannabis, and make a little cash to be comfortable while we’re at it. I’m old enough to remember when people weren’t trying to corner the market. In fact, if your operation got too big, the feds would show up and take you to prison. Most of the early cannabis dispensary owners operated in defiance of federal law, risking their freedom every time they opened their doors. Ask Luke Scarmazzo. Ask Virgil Grant. Activists gave up their freedoms and sometimes their lives for this plant, and now folks that had nothing to do with legalization want to own every dispensary in every state,  siphoning all the money away from local communities. “Sure we grow average weed and sell it at inflated prices, but hey, the stock price went up by two cents, so we only lost 100 million dollars this year!” You don’t have to be a scientist to realize that this business model isn’t good for anyone involved. And once again, there are plenty of ways to make good money in the cannabis industry without making things worse for everyone in a desperate attempt to control the entire space. You can figure it out. So please, make money. But make good money. Make money unselfishly. Can you do it? I bet you can. Good luck. 

https://hightimes.com/

U.K. Patients Flock to Medical Cannabis Clinics Due to ADHD Pill Shortage

Due to a shortage in stimulant-based drugs for ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), the U.K.’s limited medical cannabis industry is seeing a spike in patients using cannabis for relief as an alternative. The exodus of patients resorting to medical cannabis shows its growing need. The Guardian reported last September that doctors in England were told not to prescribe ADHD drugs to new patients because of a national shortage. The medications affected include four out of the five top stimulants prescribed to ADHD patients in the U.K.: methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, guanfacine,  and atomoxetine. It’s been compared to the Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine salts) shortage impacting the U.S. U.S. brand-name drug makers behind Adderall, Vyvanse and Concerta are able to keep up with the shortage, but the generic versions of all three drugs are struggling to keep up. Is it time to panic? Even with these shortages in medication, doctors still say ADHD is under-diagnosed and patients are under-prescribed. Some of them are turning to cannabis. BBC reports that a medical cannabis clinic said the U.K.’s medical cannabis industry had seen an 86% increase in ADHD patients nationally over the last year. Some people believe cannabis can alleviate many of the symptoms associated with ADHD as research advances. Medical cannabis, when prescribed by a registered specialist doctor, was legalized in the U.K., mostly in the form of oils and flower, in November 2018. Since then, treatments, including medical cannabis, that meet “appropriate standards” have been reclassified under Schedule 2, meaning that they have medical value. And while the U.K. has very limited availability for medical use, exports are another story: the U.K. was the world’s largest exporter of legal cannabis in 2016. Research director Dr. Simon Erridge, who also works at Curaleaf Clinic, said it was “natural for people to explore other options” amid the shortage. The Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) told the BBC that while there were no cannabis-based medicines licensed for the treatment of ADHD on the NHS, specialist clinicians “can prescribe cannabis-based products where clinically appropriate and in the best interests of patients.” “Other ADHD products remain available but cannot meet excessive increases in demand,” the DHSC alert states. “At present, the supply disruptions are expected to resolve at various dates between October and December 2023.” Suddenly losing access to a stimulant-based drug that patients rely on leaves them with few options. “A lot of people with ADHD may try a number of different medications to find the one that works best for them, if that is suddenly taken away by shortages it’s only natural for people to explore other options and there’s no reason why that might not include medical cannabis,” Erridge said. Depending on the person, cannabis can both help and distract people from focusing. A January 2020 study called “Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Doses are Associated with Adult ADHD Status of Medical Cannabis Patients” arrived at mixed results, finding that whole-plant cannabis seemed to be more effective. “The use of purified THC:CBD in a 1:1 ratio (nabiximols) showed no effect on ADHD symptom severity; however, in a qualitative study, 25% of responses indicated that whole-plant cannabis was therapeutic for ADHD,” researchers wrote. “Here, we demonstrated an association between higher CBN and lower ADHD symptoms frequency. It has been previously demonstrated that the combination of CBN and THC is associated with increased psycho-activity of THC in humans. This indicates a more complex story than simply stratifying treatment based on THC and CBD alone.” Researchers acknowledged that there’s no one-size-fits-all solution to tackling ADHD when it comes to cannabis.  “There is no ‘simplistic’ method for tracking only the dominant constituents of cannabis to better understand the medical potential of a cannabis cultivar,” researchers continued. “Thus, the novel perspective of our study is extremely valuable for the [medical cannabis] research field.” Medical professionals who spoke to High Times for an October 2019 article agreed that ADHD treatments are not one-size-fits-all. Brooke Alpert is a licensed cannabis practitioner and founder of Daily Habit. Alpert touched on the correlation between CBD and ADHD. “The studies that focus on ADHD and CBD have shown some conflicting evidence.”  She added, “I think more research needs to look at what relief people are finding with cannabis so we can have a better picture of how to further recommend CBD and cannabis for those with ADHD.” Energizing strains like Sour Diesel, Jack Herer, Green Crack have been reported to actually have calming effects on people living with ADHD, even if they make others jittery.

https://hightimes.com/

DEA Cracks Down on Internet Pill Press Sales

The DEA issued a letter Monday directed at online retailers selling pill presses, informing them that they are required to report sales of these presses to the DEA. According to the DEA, pill presses are commonly used to disguise the deadly opioid fentanyl by replicating existing prescription medications. These replicated pills are then sold to people who are typically unaware they’re buying fentanyl. These pill presses are incredibly easy to find online and sell for as little as 40 dollars. This, in part, has fueled a scourge of overdoses in the last several years, 110,757 in 2022 alone by the DEA’s count. “With these tools, criminal actors are able to produce pills that look like legitimate prescription medication—like oxycodone, Xanax, and Adderall—but are not,” the DEA said. “Those pills actually contain fentanyl and other deadly drugs.  Criminals then sell those pills on social media and in our communities, often to people who do not know that the pills are not real or that they contain deadly drugs.” The DEA implicitly stated that pursuant to the Controlled Substances Act, e-commerce retailers responsible for selling these pill presses are required to keep records of everybody who buys and sells a press, and also required to report this information to the DEA. “DEA has found that pill presses and stamps that can be used to make fentanyl pills are being offered for sale on various e-commerce platforms.  E-commerce entities selling pill press machines are generally ‘regulated persons’ under the Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. § 802(38), and therefore, subject to the recordkeeping, identification, and reporting requirements of 21 U.S.C. § 830,” the DEA said. “As regulated entities, e-commerce platforms are required to comply with CSA recordkeeping and reporting requirements on the distribution, importation, and exportation of pill press machines.  This means that they must collect information on the buyer and seller and provide notice to the DEA of any sale, import, export, or transfer.” The DEA said that the vast majority of these fake pills are produced by two particular Mexican cartels. The United States government has put increasing pressure on Mexico in recent years to curb the flow of fentanyl, including fentanyl disguised in these fake pills, from crossing over the United States Mexico border. Even after signs were posted all over Sinaloa appearing to ban the production and sale of fentanyl by the authority of the cartels, fentanyl overdoses and seizures have not slowed down at all. “The drug cartels primarily responsible for manufacturing fentanyl and smuggling it into the United States are the Sinaloa Cartel and Jalisco Cartel.  These cartels, their members and associates, and other drug traffickers are using pill presses to shape fentanyl powder into pills, and they are using stamps to imprint markings and logos onto those pills as they are pressed,” the DEA said. According to the DEA, over 79 million fake fentanyl-containing pills were seized in 2023, which marked a 33% increase over pill seizures in 2022. DEA lab tests have shown that 70% of seized pills are pressed and contain fentanyl. Seventy percent of all drug overdoses in 2022 were also due to ingestion of fentanyl. “Drug traffickers are killing Americans by selling fentanyl hidden in fake pills made to look like real prescription medicines. This is possible because drug traffickers are able to buy the tools they need, like pill presses and stamps, online,” said DEA Administrator Anne Milgram. “E-commerce platforms cannot turn a blind eye to the fentanyl crisis and to the sale of pill presses on their platforms.  They must do their part to protect the public, and when they do not, DEA will hold them accountable.” The DEA said that they launched the Industry Liaison Project in 2019, in which they communicated with over two dozen of the largest online retailers about pill press sales on their websites. They said that several, including Amazon and Etsy, banned the sale of pill presses on their platforms outright. However, as the hyperlink I included at the top of this article proves, dozens and dozens of pill presses are very much still for sale on Amazon. I also found several pill presses for sale on Etsy with about five seconds of effort on Google.

https://hightimes.com/

Florida GOP’s Effort To Cap THC Goes Up in Smoke

A Republican-backed proposal in Florida to impose limits on THC potency in marijuana appears to have flamed out in the state’s legislative session. GOP lawmakers there introduced two measures –– House Bill 1269 and Senate Bill 7050 –– that would “sought to preemptively ban adults’ access to cannabis flower products containing more than 30 percent THC,” according to NORML. Recreational cannabis for adults remains illegal in Florida, although voters in the Sunshine State could have the opportunity to change that come November.  The Florida Supreme Court is set to hand down a ruling on whether or not a proposed amendment to legalize cannabis for adults aged 21 and older in the state will qualify for this year’s ballot. But with the legislative session winding down for the year, the proposals appear all but dead.  According to local outlet Florida Politics, a key legislative committee “never found space on a Senate Fiscal Policy agenda” for the THC cap proposals. And with the committee’s final meeting slated for Tuesday, that means “the THC caps appear to have burned out before advancing to the Senate floor,” the outlet said. Advocates of the would-be ballot proposal celebrated the death of the measures. “We are pleased the voters may have an opportunity to vote on adult use prior to potential implementation language being decided on,” said Steve Vancore, a spokesperson for  medical cannabis provider Trulieve, as quoted by Florida Politics. NORML was particularly outspoken in its opposition to the THC caps. In a letter sent to Florida lawmakers more than 2,000 times during this legislative session, the group urged the legislature to not “stifle the adult-use cannabis market before Floridians have even had a chance to vote for it.”  “Prohibiting adults from accessing these products from state-licensed retailers will not eliminate consumers’ demand for them. Rather, it will encourage consumers to seek out high-THC products in the unregulated market. It will also move the production of these products exclusively underground. This undermines the primary goal of legalization, which is to provide patients with safe, above-ground access to lab-tested products of known purity, potency, and quality.” NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano articulated the group’s opposition to THC caps in a letter to the editor published this month in the Boston Globe.  “Unlike alcohol, THC is incapable of causing lethal overdose in humans. This fact is acknowledged by the US Drug Enforcement Administration, which has concluded, ‘No deaths from overdose of marijuana have been reported.’ Typically, when consumers encounter higher-potency products, they consume lesser quantities of them. … Rather than banning these products, regulators should provide the public with better safety information about the effects of more potent products, and they should continue to ensure that legal products do not get diverted to the youth market,” Armentano wrote. Another Florida-based outlet, The Spacecoast Rocket, provided more background on the legislative effort to cap THC: “The legislative journey for THC cap proposals began with the introduction of SB 7050 in the Senate, spearheaded by the Senate Health Policy Committee. The bill aimed to establish strict limits on the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in cannabis products available in the state. THC is the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, responsible for the high that users experience. Proponents of the bill argued that capping THC levels would help mitigate potential health risks associated with high-potency marijuana, particularly among younger users. Despite these concerns, SB 7050 encountered significant hurdles in the legislative process. The bill’s progress was halted as it failed to secure a spot on the agenda of the Senate Fiscal Policy Committee. With the legislative session’s committee meetings drawing to a close and no further meetings anticipated, the bill’s advancement has been effectively suspended.” The Florida Supreme Court has until April 1 to make a ruling on the proposed adult-use marijuana amendment. Both sides made oral arguments before the court last November.  The proposal is facing a challenge from state Attorney General Ashley Moody, who filed a lawsuit to  in May 2023 to block the marijuana amendment. USA Today Network reported that Moody argued “that the proposed ballot language was not clear and didn’t stick to a single subject requirement.”  “Attorneys for the state expanded on that before the Supreme Court, saying the wording didn’t make it clear that marijuana was still illegal under federal law and that the amendment would empower the small cartel that currently supplies medical marijuana,” the outlet said. “Moody previously has said the measure would give an unfair advantage to the state’s largest marijuana purveyor, Trulieve, which contributed all but 124 dollars of the $39 million raised to promote the amendment.” USA Today Network noted that the Supreme Court justices “appeared to favor the amendment” during oral arguments. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis predicted last month that the court will approve the amendment, clearing the way for it to make the ballot in November. 

https://hightimes.com/

Survey: 86% of Californians Back Legal MJ Sources, Support for Reform Increasing

California was the first state to legalize medical cannabis back in 1996, 20 years later ushering in adult-use legislation. Now, the Golden State has the single largest cannabis market in the world.  As cannabis has gradually become more ingrained into the fabric of the state, and the country as a whole, it appears that California residents are increasingly more supportive of the market. The California Department of Cannabis Control (DCC) recently released survey data exploring the modern-day stances of Californians regarding the state’s cannabis market. The survey was conducted by FM3 Research as part of the DCC’s Real California Cannabis Campaign, which aims to help consumers easily find and verify licensed dispensaries in the state. FM3 Research interviewed more than 1,000 California adults to compile the data. One of the most prominent discoveries from the survey shows that 62% of Californians believe that Proposition 64, the voter initiative that legalized recreational cannabis, has had a positive impact on the state. The initiative was originally passed with 57% voter support, so the figure implies that cannabis reform in California has garnered more support over time. The poll also found that 86% of Californian adults believe that it is important to purchase cannabis from the legal market, while similarly 72% said they believe consumers have a responsibility to verify they are purchasing cannabis from licensed retailers. Even though California boasts the largest cannabis global cannabis economy, illicit sales are still highly prominent. A 2022 Reason Foundation report said that roughly two-thirds of total cannabis sales in the state still come from the illegal market.  The California Unified Cannabis Enforcement Taskforce (UCETF) also recently released its first annual report detailing the money, illegal cannabis plants/products and firearms obtained in its seizure operations from last year. In 2023, the task force said it seized more than $312 million in illegal cannabis, 189,854.02 pounds of cannabis, eradicated 317,834 cannabis plants, served 188 search warrants, seized 119 firearms and seized $223,809 of money on-site. Though, according to DCC Director Nicole Elliot, the UCETF has made serious progress in eliminating illegal operations, leveraging the resources of more than 20 state agencies and departments alongside the taskforce’s local and federal partners.  “The UCETF’s progress in 2023 reflects California’s ongoing commitment to disrupting and dismantling illegal cannabis activity,” Elliott said. “I look forward to working with all our partners in 2024 to build on this progress.” While it appears to be a widely shared belief that residents must take it upon themselves to seek out legal cannabis retailers, the survey also sheds light on some education gaps surrounding the legal cannabis market among Californians.  The survey found that 85% of respondents living in areas where retail cannabis is not allowed either incorrectly believed that cannabis was allowed in their region or simply didn’t know what the local laws were at all. Elliott highlighted this piece, saying that education and enforcement are two crucial pillars that help to support a well-regulated cannabis market. “The Real California Cannabis campaign will provide cannabis consumers with information that empowers them to make informed decisions regarding their cannabis purchases,” Elliott said. “These smart choices support safer communities, local businesses, and our continuous efforts to disrupt the illegal market.” Though, when it comes to actually identifying a licensed or unlicensed cannabis business, respondents also appeared to be split: 44% said that it was easy to identify if a retailer was licensed, while 42% said it was difficult to recognize the distinction. Additionally, the polling results showed that 88% of respondents who have consumed cannabis said they would purchase it from a licensed retailer and more than half (56%) said they have used cannabis.

https://hightimes.com/

The Pharcyde: An Interview with the Hip-Hop Luminaries

*This interview has been edited for length and clarity. Bringing together reggae, rap, hip-hop, and a little bit of ska is Cali Vibes Music Festival, held every Valentine’s Day weekend on the Downtown Long Beach Waterfront. The GoldenVoice-run soiree has cherry picked the most significant cultural phenoms of Cali Reggae and neatly packed the biggest names, a few OG’s, a headlining weed sponsor and cannabis village, as well as a hidden tattoo speakeasy into a one-stop shop for stoners everywhere. Cali Vibes is more than a music festival, it’s a living, breathing testament to everything and everyone that’s influenced the Cali Reggae scene over the past twenty years, including underground hip-hop pioneers, The Pharcyde. Standing side-stage at the Greens Stage, I can feel the sun beating down on my neck. I’m eagerly waiting for The Pharcyde to begin their set, wondering if they’ll play my favorite song, the widely-sampled “Passin’ Me By”. They do. And as I walk with members Imani, Tre (Slimkid3), and Fatlip towards their green room post-show, we chat about the blossoming underground rap scene of the 90’s, an era then-dominated by West Coast gangster rappers like Tupac, Dr. Dre, and fellow Cali Vibes artist, Ice Cube.  High Times: Bizarre Ride and The Chronic came out within weeks of one another in ’92. What was that dynamic between gangster rap and underground hip-hop back then? Imani: Gangster rap was well-established and poppin’ way before The Chronic came out. It was so predominant. It wasn’t even a competition, gangster rap was dominating the landscape.  Tre: In LA, in general, the dynamic of hip-hop was that you were either a gangster or the artistic, creative type. Imani: But [the underground] wasn’t bubbling big enough back then. Gangster rap was everywhere you went. So, either you’re doing that and becoming part of that landscape, or you go where everybody’s not that. In every part of the city there were little pockets—Long Beach, Inglewood—pockets of us who used to dance or who were DJ’s, producing, emcee-ing, a lot of that which wasn’t affiliated with gangster rap.  Fatlip: It was gangsters versus artist types. That’s really what it was. HT: How did you guys make that distinction for yourselves? Fatlip: You don’t choose that. That started before the music. That started when we were young in the city of Los Angeles. Imani: We know the trappings and we all knew people who died in the streets, was in gangs, selling drugs, all that.  Tre: The people that were gangbanging, it chose them. Especially in my hood, it was so close like I could’ve been a gangbanger with my best friend, we all used to play football in the street and I remember the day when they just turned to whatever gang the street was. I was born on a street that was predominantly Bloods, but also I had folks that were Crips so it’s like I’m in the middle, I’m neutral I can’t be on this side or that side. And it’s as simple as if I would’ve stayed with my dad instead of my mom, I would’ve definitely been gangbanging that is for sure.  Fatlip: You know what’s crazy? LA is the gangster capital and the entertainment capital. So you’ve got these artist guys who are saying “I wanna be dancing, I wanna be on TV with Bobbi Brown and Michael Jackson, I wanna make beats,” and that was entertainment, that was show business. For a long time, gangster culture didn’t pay a lot of attention to opportunities in show business. HT: And that’s the path that you guys took. Fatlip: Yeah, and again, those were the two paths in LA back then.  Imani: Ice Cube made a comment back in the day, “Leave that to the n***as with the funny haircuts” and he was talking about us. Not us specifically, but people like us, doing what we were doing.  Tre: Here’s the other thing too: LA was definitely a dangerous place. It wasn’t no shit to be fuckin’ around with.  Fatlip: You get in where you fit in and I think both sides were happy where they fit in. Gangbangers were happy doing that and I was happy being who I was.  HT: What do you think the girls preferred? Fatlip: With girls it was an even playing field, between the dope dealers and the artistic entertainer kinda guys, if you could make girls’ laugh… You know what I’m saying? Again, it was the artsy type versus the hustler, or the gangbanger or the pimp. LA shit.  HT: Going back to the beginning, what did you guys grow up listening to? Tre: I used to breakdance so Egyptian Lover, Rodney-O, Joe Cooley, NWA, Too $hort. Imani: Blues, gospel, church music, R&B, soul. Tre: George Clinton, Parliament-Funkadelic, and the gangsters used to listen to that stuff too. That was the common denominator between us.  HT: “Passin’ Me By” is one of your most widely-known songs, and also widely-sampled. How do you guys feel about all these other artists sampling the song? Tre: I love it and I’m glad you said something about it. I just love creativity. We sampled somebody and somebody sampled us, it’s so dope. It’s giving it life and extra legs. I love beat flips—Maya when she did “Fallin’” was so dope, and then Drake did it, and then Tory Lanez and that shit is so dope. I love it honestly, let the folks run with it.  HT: A lot of people say that gangster rap fits into a box and has very specific criteria and is hyper-masculine, and all that. Do you agree? Imani: I gotta give my two cents here, being from Compton and being a big fan of Ice Cube. He is the example of a lyricist, so you listen to gangster rap, but this dude is so lyrical on some other shit and I can’t agree that he fits into a box. He takes it to levels beyond the box of gangster rap. Ice Cube is a great storyteller, to the point where he can take it to the movies.  Fatlip: I thought we were going to talk about weed, man. HT: We’re getting there I promise. You’re rolling one up right now. What is your relationship with weed like? Imani: I have OCD with shit so I had to find out what happens from the seeds to me smoking it and everything in between. I used to smoke wax, I had to learn how to make it. I smoke weed, I have to learn how it was grown. I had to figure it out myself. I’m a learner. I’m a student and a teacher, so when I learn I bring it to other people.  Tre: If I ever wanna try something I go to him first to find out what’s up. Imani: I don’t know everything, but certain things are my shit and I wanna know everything about it.  HT: What’s your favorite strain?  Imani: Bubba. I like indica-dominant stuff, I like stoney, I like aromatic shit. There could be some dirt weed that gets you fucked up, I’m cool on that. It don’t have to look pretty, but it has to smell good.  Tre: I always had issues with weed, I get paranoid.  Fatlip: Tell ‘em about that one time HT: Storytime? Tre: Alright, so there was this one time at band camp [laughs]. There was this one time, years ago, I had smoked weed with them in the van and got a little too high. I went over to my girlfriend’s house and we were laying in bed, and I started to trip out. I just started laughing, I couldn’t stop laughing. I was trying to stop, so I put my face in the pillow but felt like my body was leaving my head. And I was like “Oh, I’m trippin bad.” So long story short, I go outside and I’m trippin’ outside and my homeboy, Mike, came and he was trying to get me to snap out of it. So the fuckin’ ambulance came and they were like, “Ok, what do you want to do?” We were young, my mom and grandma didn’t know I smoked weed… HT: How old were you!? Tre: 18, 19 something like that. The ambulance guy goes, “Listen, we’re going to have to take you to the hospital and contact your mom.” And I was like no, fuck that, I’ll just stay here and finish trippin’. So they left.  HT: And you’re sure there wasn’t anything else in it? Fatlip: No, cause we all smoked it! Tre: Another story is we got high in the van again and we went to the movies. So, I’m in the movies and I’ve got a baseball cap on and I took it off, but then felt like I was floating outside of my head and I had to keep my baseball cap on so I wouldn’t float out of the theater [laughs]. That shit had me trippin’. So my verse on “Pack The Pipe” is about how I’m panicking… I’m not really a smoker. But shrooms, that’s a whole different thing. That’s my thing. What I learned about drugs is you’ve gotta know which one is for you.  HT: What’s your favorite place to eat in LA? Fatlip: Cafe Gratitude and Sage. Hipster vegan shit. Tre: I’ll say Delicious Pizza and In-N-Out Burger. HT: In the spirit of One Love, the new Bob Marley movie, if you could choose an actor to play you in a documentary about The Pharcyde, who would you choose? Tre: I don’t even know, that’s a good question! My friend Dawn, her son looks exactly what I looked like when I was younger.  Fatlip: Earl Sweatshirt!

https://hightimes.com/

Potency Taxes Are Bad and You Should Feel Bad For Supporting Them

If you’ve ever bought from a licensed dispensary then you likely know that weed is taxed out the ass. The legislative fuckery runs rampant and deep thanks to America’s piecemeal state-by-state rules in lieu of federal legalization. There’s no assurance that the federal government would get taxation right if legalization were to occur. Regardless, the current situation puts everyone over a barrel, from state coffers to brands to, most important, the consumers. The plant and its products are subject to undulating laws, changing at every state line, sometimes municipalities as well. Depending on where you buy, a 30-plus-percent THC potency flower (if you can trust that figure) could run anywhere from sub-$30 an eighth to over $70.  Each state has its own approach to weed taxation, with varying excise taxes applied depending on state regulations. States have opted to tax based on fixed weights and amounts, a percent of the sale price, or both. Pricing-based taxes are the most common.  A hybrid tax model can be found in Maine, where a 10% excise tax is applied to the retail price, with additional surcharges applied to weight and the number of seedlings or seeds. New Jersey is another intriguing model, where it charges anywhere from less than $10 to up to $60 per ounce, depending upon the average retail price of an ounce. The convoluted tax structure also includes a lesser-used excise surcharge: tax based on THC potency. As of April 2023, three states utilize some form of THC-potency-focused taxes, Connecticut (per milligram), Illinois (wholesale, product, and additional tax on 35%-plus product taxes), and New York (per milligram and retail price). Despite explorations into THC potency taxes by states like California and Washington, only a few, including Illinois and New York, have implemented them, reflecting a divided stance on the issue among policymakers Polarizing advocacy groups, like Smart Approaches to Marijuana, have backed potency measures, stating that taxes help deter the market from consuming high-potency products. In 2021, SAM figurehead Kevin Sabet claimed that today’s flower isn’t the “Woodstock weed” of old, claiming potency has surged upward and that taxes limit access to such products. In addition to public health concerns, supporters have suggested that potency taxes can improve regulatory precision, increase state revenue, and align with taxes in the alcohol space.  While individuals of that ilk dickride the idea of prolonged plant prohibition, many feel that potency taxes are extensions of ongoing prohibition in addition to being costly to implement, detrimental to the growth of a regulated legal marketplace, and/or overall a bad idea for anyone hoping to see the end of illicit sales and consumption in the United States. Those operating in the industry and its ancillary markets broadly, if not entirely, oppose such measures for several reasons, including: Federal prohibition has stifled cannabis research, limiting understanding of its dosage and effects despite decades of anecdotal evidence. Benedict J. Lubbon, a managing director for Jude Benedict & Associates, feels that claims about dosage need to be further examined before any regulations can be made. Lubbon, the founder of the advocacy group Deschedule NOW, said, “All this talk about potency tax is raised by hype and misinformation from prohibitionists scared this isn’t your grandfather’s weed.” Illinois has seen its market surge in recent years. State and local potency taxes, which can push some product charges up by 40%, have played a significant role. The state doesn’t have plans to change the tax rules, citing market immaturity. Connecticut has seen sales increase month over month since sales began in January 2023. However, tax revenue has not met expectations, with the state generating $9.5 million in sales tax for 2023 pot sales, less than half the expected $20.4 million.       In New York, operators have said that Jason Ambrosino, a military veteran, as well as owner, founder, and CEO of Broadalbin, NY dispensary Veterans Holdings, Inc., feels that high-potency products like tinctures are subject to significant price increases. “We wholesale it for $50 and pay $30 of tax on it, and that is before retail sales tax,” he explained.  “This means that if my wholesale price is $50, then their retail price is going to be $100,” he said, adding, “The problem is that in the case of the tincture I was referencing, $30 of that is literally tax,” said Ambrosino. Wyatt Harms, co-founder of the brand FLAMER, said potency taxes are one of the reasons why New York products are some of the highest in the country.  “When dispensaries buy the product from growers or processors, it includes the potency tax as a part of the price. Then the dispensary doubles the wholesale price to the consumer, which means they double the tax,” Harms said.  Matt ‘Fuzz’ Faughnan, owner of Ossining, New York-based service firm Fuzzy Around The Edges, said the taxes are starting to affect business decisions. During a recent discussion over a three-ounce product, Faughnan claimed, “The bud we used tested at, like, 26%, and we had it priced aggressively, but half of the wholesale price ended up being THC tax, which killed any profitability.” He reported having a similar conversation with a grower, urging the cultivator to increase their prices or risk losing significant sums on products.  Taxes cut significantly into store profits while driving up the final sale price. No matter how much a state wants to claim that legal, lab-tested weed sold at a higher price will sway legacy buyers, the evidence suggests that isn’t the case–particularly not in states like New York, where a deeply rooted history of legacy sales converges with heavy buying activity. Leah Heise, CEO of Maryland-based firm Gemini Twin Consulting, feels potency taxes create a “chilling effect” on market growth while driving consumers away. “The illicit market is the biggest competitor to the legal market, and we are currently losing that fight due to overregulation and egregious taxation,” said Heise.  Ambrosino offered a similar take, claiming potency taxes make it impossible for licensed sellers to compete with rampant unlicensed sales. “If potency taxes were removed completely, the cannabis industry, particularly in New York State, would immediately become competitive with 70% of the black market sales,” he predicted.  The 2019 report by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board reached similar conclusions. “Some work group members from the public health community were in favor of a tax structure that would discourage consumption of high potency cannabis, but did not have confidence that this tax would guarantee those outcomes,” the report concluded, adding that a model could work for states when first implementing laws. However, the cost of creating the tax infrastructure would result in costly changes.  Concerns like lab shopping and potency inflation underscore the challenges potency taxes pose, complicating product valuation and fostering regulatory discrepancies. Additional worries center on medical patients. With some patients requiring higher doses to address their medical conditions, these individuals may become victims of higher-priced medical costs.  With operators and buyers bemoaning the rules and state coffers significantly less filled than expected, New York is proposing an about-face on its tax structure. As part of her 2025 fiscal year budget proposal, Governor Kathy Hochul proposed the state eliminate potency taxes, switching to a weight-based model, citing the move as a way to ease tax compliance for distributors. Under the proposed rule change, distributors would be subject to a 9% excise tax, leaving retailers with dual sales and municipal taxes.  New York’s possible shift to weight taxes could help the market while not alleviating all the concerns. However, it could serve as a significant step to correcting market concerns, possibly entice more shoppers to the legal market, and even send a warning to other states that potency taxes are not the way to go in cannabis. 

https://hightimes.com/

Jon’s Stone-Cold Cop List #47: The Leap List

I know it’s late but how often do you get to drop on a day that occurs only every couple of years? I’ll tell you right now: not often. So here we are. It feels like it has been a far busier Q1 than usual. I’ve been to events up and down the state, and brands everywhere are pulling out all the tricks they’ve got to be seen and smoked out here. We’ve had professional conferences, pizza parties, club nights… I even went to the desert! I did more drugs at home than I did out there but the point of this is to say if you haven’t lately, go get outside. Touch some grass. I know it’s still cold most places but you can prob still go climb a tree or something. Or a rock. Fuck, you can climb your house. Go add some additional meaning to ‘getting high’. Or don’t. I can’t tell you what to do, and I wouldn’t listen to me either, but it will feel good if you do so… Another solid option (for those of you trapped in the metaverse) is watching videos of baby animals – as solid a cheat code as I’ve ever used. If you’re less wholesome, the show this column was named after’s OG program is back, and the new season is every bit as enjoyable as it was when we were kids.  I digress, but value comes in many forms. Anyway! This month we’re talking about flower that’s now hash, and hash culti’s I’m now seeing in flower. I’m also addressing what I believe is likely a common confusion, including two brands with almost the same name on the same list. It’s like I’m asking for problems. Sorry if that’s a pain in the ass, but it also feels like the easiest way to explain it so, you’ll deal. We’ve also got some art, some snack tips – I’m really providing a full package here so I hope you enjoy! And if you don’t, that’s fine. Just know you’re wrong. Finally – you can catch me this month at the Chambers Project for the Godfather Show next week, or in Barcelona bouncing around Spannabis and the associated events for a while after that. And if you’re not going to any of that, you can always yell at me on Twitter. Or just not say anything! That’s always an option too!! Starting out the list is one that has been a long time coming. Flora & Flame has a great team, and they’re people that I’ve been excited to run into for a long time now. They’ve been producing great products since I’ve known them, and it’s one of the brands that I most often hear about from people in NorCal asking for my opinion. The truth is, I just hadn’t really seen enough of the work up until this point to have developed an affinity, but let me tell you, this Gushers cross they gave me a few weeks ago is the god damn truth. A very familiar feeling descendent of the cut that generated international fame, F&F’s latest varietal is just as terpy as you remember, but smokes with the 2024 Q/A requirements. This is one of my favorites of the year so far. A few lists back I discovered Moroccan Peaches in flower form, from Gorilla RX at Jimi’s Transbay Challenge. I’m pretty sure I said back then that I imagine it would crush as hash. Now, some time later, I’m happy to report I was obviously right. Only teasing, but Mountain Man certainly did the cut proud with their representation. Just as funky but with way more impact, this is immediately one of my favorite rosins in recent memory, and one that I’m consistently going back to the fridge for – even after I’d already taken out a selection of other stuff to smoke. An early contender for best packaging of the year, retail leader Mainstage just dropped the new branding for their Z on me at the Good Pizza party earlier this month, and boy is it glorious. The box, and accompanying interior mylar, are a flip on the classic Nintendo game the Legend of Zelda, now aptly titled ‘A Plug to the Past’. If you ever played on the console back in the day this is immediately going to pump you full of nostalgia, and the Z inside really doubles down on the whole ‘blast from the past’ experience. Not that Z isn’t popular today – in fact, this is actually the rec-available version of the Zkittles I mentioned last month from the highly coveted Harvest Moon, so if you’re worried about trap pricing, don’t miss your chance to grab this one in a store. I mentioned Watson on here back when they dropped the Cold Heat, and while that remains a great, heavy smoke, the team’s got a real hit on their hands with their latest, Tropical Heat. A cross of their flagship against Gelonade, the Tropical hits all the notes you’d expect with the name – citrus, fruity, candy – with a deep gas. Just like it’s predecessors, this one’s a real heavy hitter, so don’t make the same mistake I did of thinking that this was an early morning varietal – I’ve fucked a few days up. Now I’m sure that there are brands from California that have already made deals and launched on the New York recreational market, in fact I know of quite a few who packed up shop over here entirely to get something started out East, but to my friends in Staten Island, a real treat has just become available to y’all. Having already dominated several key states, including the brands aforementioned home state, as well as Florida, Preferred Gardens is now officially available in NYC, and word on the street is it’s even better than expected – especially when compared to many of the other legal wares available in the city right now. MOCA isn’t a new name to the Cop List. When they say they’ve got something new, I tune in – and when it happens to be one of (what I believe is going to be) the next big cultivars I’m hyped before I even crack the jar. Though they never disappoint so it’s not a big surprise, this is a really special flower. As regular readers will know, this is the second expression of Honey Bananas that I’ve seen in flower (although two more versions have found their way to my desk since), despite it having had a solid run on the hash market for a few years now. However, for a plant everyone said sucked in flower, this is the second time the flavor profile is just as good (if not better) than most of the hash I’ve seen. I’m confident in stating once again, the HB flower wave is going to be big this year. If you’re looking for some on the rec right now, this is the ticket. I love to see homies crushing collaboratively, and the Taste of LA box set is, in my humble opinion, a case study in doing it right. A mass collab organized by writer/creator extraordinaire Matt Jackson and gummy edible leader Cozy Cubes, features material from leading hash makers like Dammit Bobby, Ganjah Guru, and the Real Cannabis Chris, and provides a selection of flavors reminiscent of famous hotspots around the city. I will admit, while Chamoy Fruit Cup is of course a no brainer, some of the flavors were unexpected for me – a kid raised in the northeast – but I have to say, even if I don’t understand the connection, the Apple Pie ones were incredible. The Raspberry Dole Whip with the sour center? Crazy! It’s also worth noting that these are bigger doses than most of the gummies on the market, so if 30 mg is too rich for your blood, maybe split one with somebody… Here comes the confusion train! I’ve written about a Greasi before, but it wasn’t this Greasy. One’s an I, one’s a Y, I’s genetics, Y’s Couture – both are dope, but both deserve their distinction. When I caught up with GC at Good Pizzza’s event in Sac they laced me up with a total of 4 Zs. One a classic Z, and another – something totally different – ZZZ. I’m not going to lie, I’m excited by the alphabetical diversity in their cultivar titles, but they’ve also got really really good weed, too. And it’s veganic! Which honestly doesn’t always work in the finished product’s favor, so when you see it work it’s especially dope. Worth checking out. Now I’m throwing Greasi second here just because I’ve written about him before, I’m not picking favorites in the battle of the grease – but I couldn’t complete this without showing some love to the Cherry Expo he’s pumping out right now through Kee’s Headstash. Grown by Trinity Trichomes, the Cherry Expo is a Pistachio Gelato crossed with Rainbow Beltz, I almost worried that they were messing with the flavor or something, because it smells exactly like cherries and that expo marker kind of paint thinner smell – however, unlike spray packs, this one actually tastes like it smells, and it smokes world class. I think Stundenglass is having it’s moment right now. While the Modul was a great addition to the high end gravity bong that the brand had proliferated, the Dok is really the ‘Aha!’ moment for this one. Basically a magnetized bubbler addition to the Modul unit, the device is compatible with both concentrates and dry flower material, and follows the trend of shrinking rigs, rather than going for absolute smoke domination like it’s predecessor. While I personally like this device much better, it’s also much more travel friendly, and not quite as paroxysmal inducing, making it much smoother of an experience for what I imagine is the majority of consumers. In an effort to keep you cultured, this next entry is an artist I’ve been a fan of for a while now that’s proving more impressive with every new piece he releases. Based in the Bay Area, Nishant has displayed his work across the globe – and with good reason. Everything he puts out is – I don’t know how else to say this but expressive. You can feel what he was feeling – or trying to capture – when painting each and every one of his incredible pieces. Although he definitely mixes his mediums, he’s one of the most prolific painters / drawers I’ve discovered in recent years, so if you haven’t already, you should be following his journey. Honestly while there are a few I would like to call attention to in this piece, I don’t really know what any of them are called. I can’t read any Asian languages. However, they all have lil description pictures on ‘em (thank god) that do a pretty excellent job of setting the stage, so we’ll use that and bag color as our navigational directory. They’re mostly Lay’s anyway. But the black one that looks like steak with butter – marvelous. It tastes like they were cooked in wagyu fat. They’re thin yet satisfying like scalloped potatoes. The yellow/green one with the chicken leg on it? Fantastic. It’s like chicken ramen in a chip. Perfect amount of spice and seasoning, miles away from anything selling on the United States’ potato index. The red Lays bag with what looks like a Pastrami sandwich? Ridiculous. The purple truffle bag? Actually not for me, but the homies go nuts for it. Archie’s has a great selection, but for those out of town check out a few of your local headshops, I’ll put money on at least one of them having some.

https://hightimes.com/

Cheap Schemes and Big Tobacco Tricks: The Recipe for White Ash

The white ash conversation has been positively insufferable. Heady bois and cannabis connoisseurs from coast to coast have been posting videos of their ash on Instagram for what feels like years now, indicating that they’re smoking top shelf product solely based on the color of the ash. As much as I hate to disappoint, not only is white ash not an accurate metric of quality, it can be easily faked, gamed, cheated, duped and bamboozled using particular cultivation techniques, smoking methods, and as shown by recent court documents: adding small amounts of chalk to the rolling paper. Recently unsealed documents from a years-long court battle between Republic Technologies LLC and BBK Tobacco & Foods, LLP revealed the ingredient lists used to make OCB Rolling Papers, including one particular additive that Big Tobacco has been familiar with for years which weed smokers might not be aware of: calcium carbonate. Court documents from 2014 with regard to OCB rolling papers showed that varying amounts of calcium carbonate were used in some of their rolling papers, specifically the following:  OCB No. 1 Single Wide, JOB Tribal King Size, OCB Slim, OCB Red 1 ¼, JOB Gold 1.25, OCB Organic Hemp 1-¼ and OCB Organic Hemp King Size Slim. According to the National Institute of Health, calcium carbonate is an inorganic salt found all over the world in rocks like limestone as well as in the shells of many marine organisms and crustaceans. It’s the main ingredient in chalk, antacid medications like Tums, and as it turns out, it has also been used as a whitening pigment in cigarette rolling papers for decades. I was able to find three different patents, two of which date back to the 90’s, from tobacco companies including Phillip Morris all listing calcium carbonate as a way to make cigarette ash more “attractive.” A study by the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco describes how calcium carbonate can affect the color of ash: “Generally, as the size of the precipitated calcium carbonate particle decreased, the ash became more cohesive. As the particle size decreased, the ash became slightly whiter until an optimal particle size was reached at about 0.3 microns,” the study said. “Further reductions in precipitated calcium carbonate size caused the ash to become grayer.” Calcium carbonate is not necessarily a harmful substance to include in rolling papers, but the material safety data sheet of calcium carbonate does classify it as a potential respiratory tract irritant. A National Institute of Health study of autopsies in smokers versus non-smokers also found that the elemental components of calcium carbonate are found in the lungs of smokers but not in non-smokers, meaning it potentially leaves residual particles in the lungs. “Potassium carbonate, sulfate, and chloride were not identified in any lung. The percentage of quartz was the same in both smoker and nonsmoker lungs,” the study said. “However, lungs from smokers contained a large percentage (average 23% of all particles) of particles composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen (probably calcium carbonate) in all sample sites, whereas lungs from nonsmokers usually contained no such particles or only minute numbers (average 0.1%).” Moving away from the ultra-sciency talk, cigarette companies have added calcium carbonate to their papers for years to make the ash whiter (please google Marlboro white ash ads and you’ll see this conversation goes all the way back to the 1950’s). Whether or not OCB papers are trying to gain the favor of weed smokers looking for white cannabis ash, I haven’t the foggiest idea, nor would I want to insinuate such a thing for fear of incurring a lawsuit I absolutely cannot afford. The point is that if a substance this common can be added to rolling papers, it would be very easy for an unscrupulous marketing team to use this knowledge to their advantage to sell more cannabis via using these particular papers in pre-rolls or to roll with when making smoking videos for the company Instagram, etc.  It doesn’t stop there. I’ve been told by growers that you can also add greater concentrations of CalMag to flowering cannabis plants to achieve the white ash effect, which would make sense because CalMag is, somewhat redundantly, a mixture of calcium and magnesium. Calcium carbonate concentration is also, as far as I know, not included on any cannabis lab test COA, so there’s no concrete way for the consumer to tell if this method was utilized in the grow room. Again, not necessarily a harmful practice as far as I know but also not an accurate measure of quality. You can also achieve the white ash effect by rolling and smoking the joint in a particular way, which I’ll describe for you now in an effort to illustrate that you can absolutely, positively fake this shit for Instagram: Roll a full eighth into a joint as tightly as possible without suffocating it (see Doja Pak rolling tutorial from First Smoke of the Day for further reference). Now go buy yourself one of those mini torches that crack smokers use to heat up their pipes, the sketchier looking the better. Torch the end of your joint evenly and slowly. If it catches fire, gently blow it out and continue torching for a minute or two until you have a nice even cherry. Now you’re gonna want to hold the joint upside down, very gently so that the smoke drifts upwards through your hands. Take a long, slow hit and return the joint to the upside down position. Rinse and repeat, torching more if necessary until you have a nice white ash pile. Take your picture, post it to Instagram and receive a well-deserved pat on the back from your CEO. Granted, you need at least somewhat decent weed to achieve this effect even with the described method above. I will also fully admit I have never smoked a joint that burned completely black which I would describe as quality weed. The point I’m trying to make here is there are well-known schemes afoot to fool you into thinking you’re smoking good weed when that is not necessarily the case. Some people have purported that white ash is an indicator the cannabis was dried and cured properly, which has some truth to it because the moisture content of the flower needs to be within an ideal range to achieve a proper burn, but all the white ash really means is that the weed has burned completely, a process known as “carbonization.” An excerpt from “Whiteness of Cigarette Ash” written by Isao Kanai in 1959 (again, please note the date) explains further: “The whiteness of cigarette ash plays an important role to the burning quality of cigarettes, and it is considered to be related with the degree of carbonization of organic materials, the combustion-zone temperature of cigarettes, and other complicated ‘combustion phenomena’ of Cigarettes,” the report said.  A cursory Google search will also populate about 50 different explanations from various tobacco clubs and tobacco companies explaining that white ash is related to combustibility and levels of calcium and magnesium in the soil the tobacco was grown in. The same can be said for cannabis. So where does that leave us? Well, here’s where it’s gonna get a little subjective on my part. Quality cannabis ultimately comes down to user experience and user preference. There are certain markers that may suggest a particular batch of cannabis can be considered a quality product, but it’s a multi-faceted conversation. There is no single metric that can tell you if flower is good. It comes down to several key factors including, but not limited to: appearance, ash color, density, taste, smokability, cultivation methods (this is a lesser point but while I’m on the subject, the living soil versus salt-nutrients conversation is equally as pointless as the ash conversation), plant genetics, a proper dry and cure cycle and in my opinion the most important factor: effects. Individual microbiome, how one person’s body reacts to cannabis versus another’s, also plays a huge role. What I will say, and I’m shamelessly stealing this point from our fearless leader Jon Cappetta, is that a better ash-related metric for quality weed is how the ash stacks up on itself (a metric also stolen from age-old tobacco-funded studies, I might add). If you can smoke most of the joint without the ash falling off (infused products don’t count), it means there’s a lot of resin in the flower causing it to stick together. If the ash is speckled or white on top of that, all the better. Oil ring to boot? Fugedaboutit. There’s a certain threshold I think we can all agree on that flower has to reach to cross over from bad to mids but past that threshold, as we’ve all witnessed, we all start to argue as a community about mids versus fire and the conversation ultimately devolves into silly, unimportant metrics like “whose ash is whiter.” I think in general the key here is just awareness of what we’re consuming, and the knowledge that our own personal experience with the plant is all that really matters at the end of the day. Don’t let flashy Instagram videos or age-old Big Tobacco schemes fool you into consuming a particular brand or strain. Smoke what feels good to YOU and spread awareness wherever you can so we as a community can properly identify true fire. Past that, I only ask that we all stop arguing online about white ash because it makes the cannabis community look like a babbling gang of rabid hyenas.

https://hightimes.com/

Study Shows MDMA Enhances Emotional Response to Positive Social Interactions

The psychedelic MDMA may enhance the emotional response to positive social interactions, according to the results of a recently published study. The findings suggest that MDMA may have the potential to influence social perception and could one day be used to treat conditions characterized by impaired social processing. MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), commonly known as ecstasy or molly, is a drug with distinct psychoactive effects on emotion, perception and feelings of social connection. The drug is categorized as an empathogen, indicating that it can promote feelings of emotional well-being, empathy and a desire to connect socially with others.  When taken, MDMA’s pharmacological action results in the release of neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. These unique effects of MDMA have led researchers to investigate the drug’s therapeutic potential when combined with psychotherapy to treat mental health conditions including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).  In a recent study published by the Journal of Psychopharmacology, researchers investigated the role of social processing in mental health. Impairments in social processing can impact a person’s ability to maintain social relationships and effectively function in society and can increase the severity of conditions such as schizophrenia, mood disorders and autism. But despite the importance, there are no drugs that are effective at treating social processing disorders across a range of mental health conditions. “MDMA is known as a ‘prosocial’ compound, and there is accumulating evidence that it works to enhance psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD,” study author Anya Bershad, an assistant professor of psychiatry at UCLA, told PsyPost. “Yet little is known about how the drug actually affects the way individuals experience social interactions. We wanted to test the effects of the drug on one discrete component of the social interaction by asking the question, how does MDMA affect mood when individuals are explicitly told they are liked or disliked by another person?” Bershad and a team of researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of MDMA on social processing. Study participants were aged 18 to 40 and had some experience with MDMA before the study to ensure their familiarity with the effects of the drug. Before the research began, the 36 study participants completed a screening process that included physical exams and psychiatric interviews to ensure they were not currently experiencing medical conditions or psychiatric disorders. To complete the study, each participant attended four separate sessions during which researchers administered a single dose of either a placebo, MDMA at one of two doses (0.75 mg/kg or 1.5 mg/kg), or methamphetamine (20 mg), in randomized order, before completing a social feedback task. The protocol was designed to compare the effects of different doses of MDMA with a non-active placebo as well as an active stimulant to reveal MDMA’s impact on social processing. The social feedback task was designed to simulate social interactions in a controlled laboratory setting. Participants first created online profiles before selecting the online profiles of others they were interested in connecting with, based on the brief descriptions and photographs contained in their profiles. During the sessions, participants received feedback to indicate whether the individuals they selected liked them, suggesting acceptance, or did not like them, suggesting rejection. The findings showed that study participants who received higher doses of MDMA reported increased feelings of happiness and acceptance when they received positive social feedback compared to the placebo. The increased feelings of acceptance and happiness while receiving positive feedback provide further evidence of the empathogenic properties of MDMA and suggest the drug has the potential to positively influence social interactions. The researchers did not observe a significant decrease in negative reactions to social rejection with the administration of MDMA, suggesting that the drug may have a limited impact on negative emotions experienced in social situations. “The important takeaway from this study is that we’ve shown that MDMA helps people feel more positively about receiving social feedback,” Bershad said. “This could be one way the drug acts to facilitate social connection and therapeutic rapport in the context of psychotherapy.” When study subjects were administered methamphetamine as a comparison drug, the researchers did not observe a significant impact on the emotional response to social interaction, suggesting that MDMA has unique properties in this regard. MDMA’s distinct impact on social processing may mean the drug has therapeutic potential beyond the stimulant effects of similar drugs. “One important thing to keep in mind is that while our findings may have implications for the clinical use of MDMA, they also suggest a way in which the drug may make individuals particularly vulnerable,” Bershad noted. “Increasing positive mood in response to social feedback could facilitate therapeutic alliance on the one hand, but on the other, it may put individuals at risk of being taken advantage of in certain social contexts.” The researchers note that the findings of the study suggest that MDMA’s effects on social processing may lead to new treatments for related mental health conditions. “We hope to continue to study the specifics of how MDMA affects social perception and behavior and to use this information to understand which types of psychotherapeutic techniques may be most effectively used with the drug in clinical settings,” Bershad said.

https://hightimes.com/

Lawyers Suggest Prince Harry Could Have Exaggerated Drug Use Claims in Memoir ‘Spare’ To Boost Sales

Attorneys for the Biden administration contend that Prince Harry’s admissions in his best-selling 2023 memoir, Spare, of using cannabis, cocaine, and magic mushrooms don’t necessarily prove the royal’s drug use. The lawyers suggested that he might have exaggerated these claims to boost book sales, the Telegraph reports. Such arguments come after Prince Harry’s immigration status is being pulled into question.  This assertion comes in light of a case that a D.C. court is currently reviewing, which revolves around whether the U.S. government should be ordered to disclose Prince Harry’s visa application due to his use of illegal substances. DHS lawyers insist that releasing such paperwork, which would have inquired the shunned royal about his history of drug use, would be “an unwarranted invasion of Prince Harry’s privacy.” The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, has been pressing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for several months to release these documents, citing the admissions made in his widely read memoir, Spare, as the basis for their argument. As High Times reported, The Heritage Foundation wants Prince Harry to be deported because he wrote about using drugs. Spare also contains revelations such that William and Kate encouraged him to wear his infamous Nazi costume to a Native and Colonial–themed costume party in 2005, his body count while serving in Afghanistan (25), physical fights with William, and that he worked with a medium to try to get in touch with the ghost of his late mother, Princess Diana.  In an effort to protect his privacy and immigration status, as well as those who helped him obtain such protected status, DHS attorney John Bardo informed the court that “the book does not constitute sworn testimony or evidence” confirming the Duke of Sussex’s actual drug use. “Just because it’s written in a book doesn’t mean it’s factual.” Nile Gardiner, head of the Heritage Foundation’s Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, dismissed the idea that the Duke had invented his drug use stories as a “preposterous argument.” “This is Prince Harry’s own book,” he remarked after the hearing. “He has never refuted any content in his book… that includes the detailed accounts of drug use.” Perhaps the most “preposterous” takeaway is that one’s immigration status would come into question for indulging in recreational drugs.  Per Newsweek, in Spare, Prince Harry wrote the following about enjoying cannabis:  “I don’t remember how we got the stuff. One of my mates, I expect. Or maybe several. Whenever we found ourselves in possession, we’d commandeer a tiny upstairs bathroom, wherein we’d implement a surprisingly thoughtful, orderly assembly line. Smoker straddled the loo beside the window, second boy leaned against the basin, third and fourth boys sat in the empty bath, legs dangling over, waiting their turns. You’d take a hit or two, blow the smoke out of the window, then move on to the next station, in rotation, until the spliff was gone. Then we’d all head to one of our rooms and giggle ourselves sick over an episode or two of a new show. Family Guy. I felt an inexplicable bond with Stewie, prophet without honor.” The court was informed that there are three potential methods by which the Duke could have entered the U.S.: either by falsifying his drug use on his immigration form, obtaining a waiver, or entering with a diplomatic visa. At the E. Barrett Prettyman Courthouse hearing, Bardo said it was “entirely possible” that the Duke was granted entry into the U.S. on a “category A” visa, which is designated for diplomats and foreign officials visiting on official business. “He remains a part of the British Royal Family and retains the title of Duke,” Bardo noted. Gardiner expressed skepticism about Prince Harry being deemed a diplomat, stating it was “highly unlikely” since “he had no official role on behalf of British people, his own relationship with the Royal family, that was at a low point as the judge himself actually referenced in his remarks.” The Heritage Foundation previously contended that the ex-royal relinquished his privacy rights when he “sold every aspect of his private life for, in some estimates, over $135 million,” noting that his privacy claims have faced “widespread public ridicule.” In Friday’s court hearing, Samuel Dewey, a lawyer for the Heritage Foundation, brought up the Duke’s recent appearance on Good Morning America earlier this month, where he mentioned he had thought about applying for U.S. citizenship.  Back in October 2019, Prince Harry, along with his wife, Meghan Markle, who reportedly dealt with a ton of racism and hate while actively living in England as part of the royal family, moved to California, stating their intentions to step down within the royal family. While the Duchess, Megan, started applying for U.K. citizenship, she didn’t finish the process. Because she’s already a U.S. citizen, the couple’s kids have dual citizenship. Per U.S. immigration regulations, “any applicant who holds any titles of heredity or positions of nobility in any foreign country must renounce such title or position.”

https://hightimes.com/

New Mexico Governor Signs Psilocybin Memorial Legislation

Psilocybin proposal Senate Memorial 12 (SM-12) was recently signed by Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham. SM-12 is referred to as memorial legislation, which is more of an official request for research, unlike other bill proposals. “A memorial requesting the Department of Health to study the efficacy of using psilocybin mushrooms for therapeutic treatments and the establishment of a program for psilocybin mushrooms to be used for therapeutic medical treatments,” the legislation states. The memorial legislation explains that mental illness in New Mexico is at an all-time high, and a majority of suicides in the state are committed by veterans or first responders suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder or depression. Drug overdoses are also high in the Land of Enchantment, and the state’s rate of alcohol-related deaths is “highest in the nation.” The reasoning behind pushing SM-12 is because many reputable universities and institutions have found efficacy in the medical properties of psilocybin. The proposal concludes by requesting that the Department of Health and University of New Mexico Health Sciences work together “to study and evaluate the efficacy of psilocybin-based therapeutic treatments and the establishment of a program allowing the use of psilocybin mushrooms for therapeutic medical treatments and the necessary statutory or regulatory framework for developing such a program.” SM-12 was sent to the Senate Health and Public Affairs Committee on Feb. 10 and unanimously with a 7-0 vote to pass. “This can help people very potentially, and so what we’re trying to do in a bipartisan way is ask the Department of Health to recognize that we want them to get going to start looking at this,” said Sen. Jeff Steinborn, one of the bill’s sponsors. The New Mexico Senate unanimously approved SM-12 on Feb. 14 in a 37-0 vote. “It turns out that medical mushrooms, psilocybin, has proven to be medically efficacious for the use of major behavioral health issues,” Steinborn said on the day of the Senate vote. “It can help alleviate and be an alternative to major anti-depressant drugs and probably other drugs that have serious side effects and can bring real relief to New Mexicans.” Senate Minority Whip Craig W. Brandt, who is also a sponsor of SM-12, explained that medicinal psilocybin is “not a treatment that you take on your own once a day or once a week or even once a month, but it can be a treatment that’s done about once every six months to every year, as needed.” “And sometimes one treatment is all that’s needed to actually cure someone of a traumatic brain injury, or of PTSD,” Brandt continued. “And so this is actually a really exciting, cutting-edge technology… God seems to have provided a cure, and we just need to figure out how to use that cure.” Previously, the last bill in New Mexico to attempt to pass psilocybin therapy was last spring with House Bill 393. It did not receive any further action after March 2023. A steady stream of studies have been published on the topic of psilocybin in recent years. One in particular showed that psilocybin consumption not only contributed to enhanced sexual pleasure and satisfaction in participants, but that those effects lasted up to six months after consumption occurred. “It’s important to stress our work does not focus on what happens to sexual functioning while people are on psychedelics, and we are not talking about perceived ‘sexual performance,’ but it does indicate there may be a lasting positive impact on sexual functioning after their psychedelic experience, which could potentially have impacts on psychological wellbeing,” said lead author and Ph.D. student Tommaso Barba. Psilocybin legislation in other states has continued to rise. In late January, companion bills Senate Bill 3019 and House Bill 2630 were proposed in Hawaii, which would establish therapeutic psilocybin regulations and also enact protections for patients. In Arizona, Senate Bill 1570 would legalize psilocybin treatment centers and establish regulations and training requirements for therapy center medical directors. Just last week, Senate Bill 3695 (also called the Compassionate Use and Research of Entheogens (CURE) Act was proposed in Illinois, which if passed would also legalize supervised use of psilocybin in a therapeutic setting. Psilocybin and other substances are recognized for their medicinal value outside of the U.S. as well. Mexican Senator Alejandra Lagunes spoke out in October 2023 about suffering from depression and anxiety in her 20s. Her mindset changed after an Ayahuasca trip. “My perspective of my own life changed. My mind changed. All my negative thinking patterns shifted,” Lagunes told Vice in an interview. “It was as though there was a different light illuminating my mind and I saw things differently. I stopped taking medication. It changed my life. Now Lagunes is proposing that psilocybin mushrooms, which are native to Mexico and have long been utilized by indigenous people, could be a huge benefit to people who are suffering from mental illness. “There isn’t a single meeting in the Senate that doesn’t mention the mental health crisis and the lack of medications to treat it,” Lagunes said. She explained her intention to propose psilocybin legalization and have it removed from Mexico’s list of scheduled drugs (currently on the same level as heroin, cocaine, and MDMA).

https://hightimes.com/

Cannabeginners: What is Pinene?

While many growers talk about their plants as being “trees,” most cannabis doesn’t actually taste like tree leaves or pine needles, that is, unless it is rich in pinene. This terpene is one of the most common terpenes in the natural world and is responsible for pine trees and other conifers, as well as many herbs, smelling like they do. It also is one of the most common terpenes in cannabis and has numerous well-documented medical benefits. Pinene is a terpene with two main isomers, alpha-pinene (α-pinene) and beta-pinene (β-pinene), while α-pinene is a monoterpene, β-pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene. As α-pinene is the primary one found in cannabis, and the terpene “most frequently found in Nature,” when I say “pinene” in this article, that is just a shorthand for α-pinene. Both forms of pinene are commonly found in pine trees and other conifers, as well as a range of other plants, such as rosemary, basil, and parsley.  The same 1997 Swiss study which showed myrcene to be the most commonly found terpene in cannabis also found α-pinene to be the third most common. The pinene content they found varied between 2.3% and 31%. Some particular cultivars known to have higher amounts of pinene include: Jack Herer, Lemon Skunk, Purple Kush, Romulan, Blue Dream, and Cannatonic (just to name a few). Pinene will impart a spicy, herbal scent to cannabis, like it does to pine trees.  While pinene has been researched as a treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, one area where it has traditionally been used for centuries is as a treatment for lung/breathing conditions, most notably, tuberculosis. Since the earliest origins of the sanatorium, they have been located in areas with pine trees. Examples abound, such as America’s first sanatorium in New York’s Adirondack pine forest or the aptly named Pinewood Hospital in Pinewood, England. Before we had research to support the claims of the sanatorium movement, “Pine trees were a common feature of TB sanatoria at the time, as they were believed to purify the air.”  Dr. Ethan Russo is a world-renowned cannabis researcher, and in his 2011 study, “Taming THC,” he reported that pinene “is a bronchodilator in humans at low exposure levels,” which is great news for athletes. Since then, a 2014 study found pinene to be “a promising anti-allergic agent” which helped combat allergic rhinitis. Multiple studies have shown pinene “has wide potential … to inhibit the growth of bacteria” including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and infectious bronchitis virus. It seems that the sanatorium movement was correct in their belief that pine trees had some medical benefits to sufferers of TB. Beyond its impact on lung health and fighting bacterial infection, pinene has a wide range of other medical impacts. Pinene has been shown to have “significant anxiolytic-like activity,” meaning it reduces anxiety, and “significant antiulcerogenic activity,” which means it helps prevent ulcers. When it comes to pain management, pinene has been shown to help with inflammatory and neuropathic pain, as well as nociceptive pain. Related to its pain-relieving effects, multiple studies have shown pinene to have anti-inflammatory effects against numerous inflammatory diseases, including acute pancreatitis.  Just like many other cannabinoids and terpenes, pinene is an effective tool to combat various types of cancers, though it has also been suggested that the benefits could be “limited.” Similar to pinene’s medical effects against tuberculosis, which were observed as a result of environmental exposure, mice kept in an environment rich in pinene showed “reduced melanoma growth.” Pinene has been shown to control the growth of cancers through a range of methods including inducing apoptosis, activating natural killer cells, and inducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha.  Unlike the stereotype of cannabis harming your memory, pinene has clear benefits for improving memory in people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. The main way that pinene improves memory is by inhibiting the production of acetylcholinesterase, which “could counteract short-term memory deficits induced by THC intoxication.” For these reasons, pinene has been suggested as a “treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.” Pinene has even been shown to protect “against brain damage associated with stroke and ischemia.” As we saw in our previous Cannabeginner on myrcene, while there are numerous medical benefits associated with terpenes, there also can be potential harms. Considering terpenes are natural defenses for plants, it makes sense that there could be toxic effects on people as well as other predator species (bugs, fungus, etc). The research on pinene is mixed, while one study referred to it as a “common indoor air pollutant,” a cytotoxicity evaluation “revealed that limonenes and α-pinene are non-toxic.”  When the National Toxicology Program studied α-pinene, they found “the toxicity data available for α-pinene are inadequate for assessing potential human health effects.” The data they analyzed did show that reports of pinene toxicity generally noted “potential respiratory and skin irritation.” Overall, it appears that pinene has a relatively safe profile.  Pinene is one of the most common terpenes in the world and in cannabis cultivars, which has long been used as a folk remedy for tuberculosis and other lung issues. Modern research has proven the folk remedies were based on some science, as pinene has antibacterial effects, works as a bronchodilator, and has a range of other medical benefits against cancer and a host of other illnesses. 

https://hightimes.com/

Uber Driver Allegedly Doubled as Shroom, LSD Dealer

An Uber driver in Florida faces felony drug charges after he allegedly tried to sell psilocybin mushrooms and LSD to his passengers. A series of transactions climbed up to 200 hits of LSD on gel tabs and a quarter-pound of shrooms in one transaction. If you’re going to offer shrooms and LSD to Uber passengers, you’d better make sure your passengers aren’t narcotics cops—this Uber driver learned that the hard way.  Some of his “passengers” ended up being narcotics investigators visiting Miramar Beach, Florida for the Florida Narcotics Officers’ Association Annual Conference last August in 2023, according to authorities. How’s that for bad luck? According to the Walton County Sheriff’s Office (WCSO), the investigators who rode the Uber are from the Citrus County Sheriff’s Office (CCSO). John Alcott, 52, of Crestview, Florida, arrived to pick up his riders, and when the CCSO investigators entered the vehicle, they said it reeked of pot smoke. Alcott whipped open his glove box to show them all the shrooms he had in his inventory. (Uber drivers are not employees of Uber; they are independent contractors as Uber’s key to success.) The off-duty investigators decided to play along, posing as psychedelic customers. WCSO reports that Alcott sold the CCSO investigators 134 grams of psilocybin mushrooms, 10 psilocybin mushroom microdose capsules, and 12 doses of LSD on blue gel tabs for $1,000. During the purchase, Alcott told detectives he would be willing to run a mail-order supply as well. WCSO also posted Alcott’s mugshot and several photos of the LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. They’ve been processing the investigation ever since, and upped the ante with larger quantities to pin down the Uber driver for bigger charges. The sting operation eventually involved WCSO Narcotics Investigators, the Crestview Police Department, and the Okaloosa County Sheriff’s Officers, who set up surveillance on Alcott’s residence in Crestview, Florida. On Feb. 21, WCSO narcotics investigators sent the undercover CCSO detective, who was a passenger-turned-drug buyer, to reach out to Alcott to tell him they were in the area and wanted to buy over a quarter-pound of shrooms and 200 doses of blue gel tab LSD hits in exchange for $5,000. “While these types of cases aren’t the primary focus of our VICE/Narcotics investigations, this one kind of came to us,” said Sheriff Michael Adkinson. “He obviously makes it a habit to sell while driving an Uber and that’s pretty alarming considering how teenagers and young adults frequently use driving services in the area.” The investigators are taking it seriously and Alcott faces numerous felony charges. Alcott was arrested and booked into the Walton County Jail on two counts of selling a hallucinogen, trafficking in LSD, possession of a hallucinogen with intent to distribute, possession of drug paraphernalia, and two counts of using a two-way communication device in the commission of a felony. He was issued a $15,000 bond, posted it, and walked free the following day. One DoorDash customer received more than he bargained for when he placed an order of food—finding an unwanted bag of weed in his order, and decided to complain about it. The actions of the driver led to his termination as a Dasher with the company. A Columbus, Ohio man, who wishes to remain anonymous, said he ordered food through DoorDash on Aug. 9, 2023, and complained that the bag of weed made him feel “scared.” “I was scared at first but then again, I wasn’t very surprised,” the man who ordered food from DoorDash told ABC 6. He provided a photo of his bag of food where he found a fork and a bag filled with cannabis. The photo shows a baggie adorned with alien heads holding what appears to be about a gram of weed. “Did this start with the driver?” he said. “Or did this start in the restaurant that I ordered this from?” Others choose not to snitch on their DoorDash or Uber drivers. In 2016, comedian and talk show host Arsenio Hall was in Washington, D.C. to host the 2016 BET Honors, but soon after the star arrived into town, the show was canceled due to a blizzard. While in Washington D.C., Hall tweeted about the “overpowering” smell of cannabis in his Uber car. It didn’t bother him as much as other riders, however. Hall was in Washington, D.C. to host the 2016 BET Honors, but soon after the star arrived into town, the show was canceled due to Saturday’s blizzard. While in our nation’s pot-legal capital, Hall tweeted about the “overpowering” smell of cannabis in his Uber car.  His tweet was immediately responded to by Uber’s customer support account, calling the situation “completely unacceptable” and asking Hall to snitch on his driver. But Hall refused to narc, tweeting back at Uber that it was “all good y’all.” 

https://hightimes.com/

Pennsylvania Borough Working on Cannabis Decriminalization

North York borough, a small borough in York, Pennsylvania, might decriminalize cannabis at a small level, making it one in a line of local Pennsylvania counties that have taken this step.  Despite the tiny town size of about 2,200 residents, this is still making the news because of the slow progress Pennsylvania has made on the legalization front. Terry Duncan, a former mayor who operates a shop on North George Street, spoke about the issue and his stance on it. He believes that it could be helpful, but still is a bit skeptical of what it could lead to.  “I have mixed feelings about it. I don’t have a problem with decriminalizing on a small scale. If you are bringing in kilos of it, that is a different story,” he says. In 2023, 24 adults were arrested for cannabis in the town. This may seem like a low number until you consider the low number of residents in the area. Currently, a proposed ordinance would make it so that having less than an ounce of cannabis would result in a mere $50 fine. Jail time would not be on the table, leaving residents free to keep a clear record.  Borough Manager Dr. David Bolton thinks that most people would support this.  He says, “It is the right thing to do. People make mistakes. If somebody is out there and they do something stupid, they are not going to pay for it the rest of their lives.” He claims that decriminalizing small amounts of marijuana is not an endorsement for using drugs. “By no means are we saying, ‘Go out and try this.’ What we are saying is if you are already doing it, do it responsibly,” he says. Other areas in the Susquehanna Valley, including areas like York, Harrisburg, Lancaster, and Abbottstown have already taken action. The vote on this issue will happen March 12, and, if voted into local ordinance, will kick in five days after the vote. Then it will become the next area to take this more liberal stance on cannabis. The ordinance was initially considered in February, and was only ever discussed at the small level of once ounce or less. The new fine will hopefully improve tourism in the area and keep non-offenders out of prison.  Additionally, the ordinance would propose $50 for having cannabis paraphernalia. This would allow folks who were simply recreating to only pay a small fee.  Those in support of this ordinance hope it would reduce the negative impacts of cannabis arrests on residents and visitors, especially regarding criminal records and other permanent marks that would keep folks from gaining employment or other things that require a background check. This would also free up local law enforcement to focus on more serious crimes and leave low-level offenders alone.  Because other counties in the area have decriminalized cannabis, it is not unlikely that this will pass. If it does, this will be a major win for the local cannabis community. And the fact that this is happening on such a small scale highlights the growing debate around cannabis and its legality.

https://hightimes.com/

Psilocybin Mushrooms Date Back 65 Million Years to Dinosaur Extinction

We’re seeing a psychedelic renaissance today, especially when it comes to the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, and its potential applications in mental health treatments. Many are well aware that this substance, along with other psychedelics, first saw modern popularity in the West back in the ‘60s and ‘70s. While magic mushrooms were utilized by a number of cultures throughout history, a new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that their history may date back even further than we previously expected, to prehistoric times. Researchers from the University of Utah and the Natural History Museum of Utah (NHMU) decided to take a closer look at the history of psilocybin mushrooms and their evolution over time, finding that mushrooms producing the psychedelic compound have been around for roughly 65 million years, or just around when dinosaurs became extinct. Researchers note that the evolutionary history of this genus is “substantially incomplete.” This study is the largest genomic diversity study for the Psilocybe genus, or mushrooms that produce psilocybin. The analysis included 52 Psilocybe specimens, with 39 species that had previously never been sequenced. The analysis found two distinct gene orders with the cluster that produces psilocybin. These patterns corresponded to an ancient split in the genus around 57 million years ago, which researchers said points toward two independent acquisitions of psilocybin in its evolutionary history.  It’s also the first study to show this strong evolutionary pattern through gene sequences resulting in psychoactive protein synthesis. NHMU curator of mycology and senior author of the study Bryn Dentinger pointed toward the potential future of psilocybin medicine in reference to the discoveries, noting that there will be a need to develop these therapeutics to improve efficacy over time. He implies that these processes could be further streamlined as we learn more about how psilocybin has gradually evolved in nature. “There’s a wealth of diversity of these compounds out there,” Dentinger said. “To understand where they are and how they’re made, we need to do this kind of molecular work to use biodiversity to our advantage.” University of Utah postdoctoral researcher and fellow study author Alexander Bradshaw said that the specimens used in the study represent “hundreds of years of thousands of scientists’ collective efforts” to document genus diversity. “That’s the beauty of it—no one has really sequenced type specimens at this scale, and now we get to produce molecular and genomic data to the gold standard of Psilocybe types for people to compare against,” Bradshaw said. Twenty-three of the 52 specimens were “type specimens,” which helps to designate a species in which all other samples are measured. While 17 specimens displayed the original order, 35 exhibited the new pattern.  “We’ve shown here that there’s been a lot of change in gene order over time, and that provides some new tools for biotechnology,” Dentinger said. “If you’re looking for a way to express the genes to produce psilocybin and related compounds, you no longer have to rely on only one set of gene sequences to do that. Now there’s tremendous diversity that scientists can look at for lots of different properties or efficiencies.” Part of the hope behind uncovering the full story of psilocybin mushrooms and their evolutionary history is uncovering what specific benefit psilocybin has for mushrooms.  Some have theorized it may be a defense mechanism to deter predators, through their psychoactive effects or effects on digestion. Though, psilocybin mushrooms tend to be fairly uncommon in the wild, so many question the validity of this theory. Others have suggested that psilocybin is a defense against insects, though these ideas have yet to be proven. The study authors are looking to dive further into this question as well, moving forward to test a theory called the Gastropod Hypothesis, which would coincide with this newly discovered timeline surrounding psilocybin mushrooms. Following the asteroid event that eliminated the dinosaurs and threw Earth into an ice age, fungi and terrestrial gastropods were two of the primary thriving lifeforms. Terrestrial slugs specifically are predators of mushrooms, so the theory suggests that psilocybin evolved as a slug deterrent. “It’s impossible to overstate the importance of collections for doing studies like this,” Bradshaw said. “We are standing on the shoulders of giants, who spent thousands of people-power hours to create these collections, so that I can write an email and request access to rare specimens, many of which have only ever been collected once, and may never be collected again.”

https://hightimes.com/

Can Cannabinoids Help People Wean Off Opioids?

Doctors desperately need tools to battle the opioid epidemic, and they’re turning to cannabinoids for new ways to approach the problem of opioid use disorder (OUD). Recently researchers aimed to create an open-access framework designed to help people wean off and eventually replace opioids with cannabinoids as an alternative.  Last August, a study provided a clinical framework for cannabinoids in the battle against the opioid epidemic. The study, entitled “An answered call for aid? Cannabinoid clinical framework for the opioid epidemic,” was published in Harm Reduction Journal. Researchers provided an evidence-based clinical framework for the utilization of cannabinoids to treat patients with chronic pain who are dependent on opioids, seeking alternatives, and tapering off of opioids. “Based on a comprehensive review of the literature and epidemiological evidence to date, cannabinoids stand to be one of the most interesting, safe, and accessible tools available to attenuate the devastation resulting from the misuse and abuse of opioid narcotics,” researchers wrote. “Considering the urgency of the opioid epidemic and broadening of cannabinoid accessibility amidst absent prescribing guidelines, the authors recommend use of this clinical framework in the contexts of both clinical research continuity and patient care.” Recent research has shown a role for CBD in treating cannabis use disorder, and likewise, the compound could be useful in treating OUD. Researchers are also exploring the potential of THC and acidic cannabinoids as well. Cannabis is known anecdotally for the treatment of low-to-moderate amounts of pain despite working in very different ways than opiates. The open-access framework includes opioid tapering recommendations that are in accordance with the CDC’s latest clinical practice guidelines for managing opioids for pain.  “As opioid deaths continue to be a global problem, patients are increasingly self-medicating with cannabis while researchers struggle to standardize protocols and providers feel uncomfortable recommending cannabinoids amidst absent prescribing guidelines,” researchers wrote. “If we consider cannabis as a harm reduction tool that patients are already using without medical guidance, we can realign our focus to supporting researchers and providers with a clinical framework for standardizing research and recommending cannabinoids more informatively as safe, effective, accessible tools for assisting in the management of chronic pain. To our knowledge, this is one of the first comprehensive evidence-based peer-reviewed clinical frameworks for the safe use of cannabinoid products for chronic pain and OUD.” The researchers acknowledged that many of their patients have already begun their own self-guided journey into pain management with cannabinoids. Opioids continue to wreak havoc on people in America, leading to confusion about who needs powerful opioids and who doesn’t, and overdose deaths continue a steady pace of devastation. According to The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, drug overdose deaths rose from 2019 to 2021 with over 106,000 drug overdose deaths reported in 2021. Deaths involving synthetic opioids—primarily fentanyl and excluding methadone—continued its death march with 70,601 overdose deaths reported in 2021. Fentanyl in particular kills 150 Americans per day. Over-prescription of opioids could be part of the problem. A 2018 longitudinal analysis showed that prescriptions for all opioids in the U.S. fell by 14.4% when medical cannabis dispensaries opened—particularly for hydrocodone and morphine, but also for benzodiazepines, stimulants, and many other medications known to be over-prescribed and addictive.  In some states, opioid use disorder is a qualifying condition for the use of medical cannabis. Researchers are still learning about the efficacy of cannabinoids in animal and human trials. Opioid addiction is a complex phenomenon, and studies vary in their results of whether or not cannabinoids are effective. One study concluded that there is “no evidence that cannabis reduces opioid misuse.” According to research published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, researchers instead found “no evidence” showing that cannabis may not be an effective long-term strategy for reducing opioid abuse. “There are claims that cannabis may help decrease opioid use or help people with opioid use disorders keep up with treatment. But it’s crucial to note those studies examine short-term impact and focus on treatment of chronic pain and pain management, rather than levels of opioid use in other contexts,” Dr Jack Wilson, the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral research fellow at The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use at the University of Sydney in Australia, said in a statement. “Our investigation shows that cannabis use remains common among this population, but it may not be an effective long-term strategy for reducing opioid use,” he added. Recent studies show the vast potential of cannabis in the fight against the opioid epidemic that continues to ravage the U.S.

https://hightimes.com/

German Lawmakers Vote To Legalize Cannabis

Germany’s lower house of parliament voted last week to legalize the consumption and cultivation of cannabis by adults, although the measure passed by the Bundestag does not permit commercial sales of recreational marijuana. The legislation legalizes cannabis clubs, however, allowing groups of no more than 500 adults to collectively grow weed for personal use by club members. “We have two goals: to crack down on the black market and improved protection of children and young people,” Health Minister Karl Lauterbach said during the debate on Friday after lawmakers opposed to legalizing cannabis accused him of promoting drug use, according to a report from Reuters. The ruling three-party coalition led by Chancellor Olaf Scholz passed the legislation to legalize cannabis in the Bundestag on Friday by a vote of 407-226. Under the measure, adults aged 18 and up will be permitted to grow up to three cannabis plants and possess up to 25 grams (nearly an ounce) of cannabis. The personal possession and consumption provisions of the legislation are scheduled to go into effect on April 1. The legislation also allows adults to join cannabis clubs of no more than 500 members beginning on July 1. Cannabis clubs would be permitted to grow cannabis for personal consumption by members, who would be allowed to purchase up to 25 grams of cannabis per day and 50 grams per month. Members younger than 21 would be capped at 30 grams of pot each month. Membership in multiple cannabis clubs will not be allowed. The cost of cultivating cannabis and operating the clubs will be covered by membership fees, which will charged on a tiered scale based on the amount of cannabis a member uses each month. The legislation bans locating cannabis clubs and consuming weed close to schools, playgrounds and sports facilities. Cannabis advertising and sponsorships are also prohibited. Additionally, the measure requires a report on the effectiveness of the legislation to protect children and youth from weed.  The plan to legalize cannabis in Germany falls short of the broad reform plan first proposed by the ruling coalition after taking power in December 2021. Under the original proposal, commercial cannabis production would have been permitted, with sales of weed occurring at licensed retailers across the country. The plan was scaled back, however, after talks with European Union officials. Nonetheless, Germany’s limited cannabis legalization plan is opposed by conservative politicians in the Bundestag and the upper house of parliament known as the Bundesrat, which represents the country’s 16 state governments.  “You’re asserting here in all seriousness as health minister … that we will curb consumption among children and young people with the legalization of further drugs,” conservative lawmaker Tino Sorge said to Lauterbach, as quoted by the Associated Press. “That’s the biggest nonsense I’ve ever heard.” Although the measure does not require the approval of the Bundesrat, the chamber could delay the legislation. The conservative government of the state of Bavaria has said it will examine whether it can bring legal action against the cannabis legalization plan. After the vote, Lauterbach told reporters that illicit marijuana “dealers have no reason at all to celebrate,” noting that the new law includes provisions that set a minimum jail sentence of two years for those convicted of selling cannabis to underage youth. The vote to legalize cannabis in Germany makes the country the third European Union nation to take the step, after Malta and Luxembourg. Jason Adelstone, an attorney focusing on federal and international policy at the cannabis law firm Vicente LLP, said that the legalization of cannabis in Germany could spur further reform across Europe. “It is exciting to see the scaled-back German legalization measure finally become law. Even though Germany didn’t legalize commercial sales, the governing coalition should be applauded for turning the page on prohibition,” Adelstone said in an email to High Times. “With Germany joining Malta and Luxembourg in acknowledging that regulation, rather than prohibition, better protect the health and safety of its citizens, it could help propel other EU nations to do the same.”

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