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Hemp News, Laws & Product Updates

A curated news hub focused on hemp regulation and policy changes, cannabinoids (CBD/Delta-8/Delta-9/hemp-derived THC), lab testing and COAs, product safety, brands, and industry trends.

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https://hightimes.com/

Michigan Governor To Review Cannabis Regulatory Agency, Tribal Business Bills

Two cannabis bills were recently sent to the desk of Gov. Gretchen Whitmer, and if passed, would work in tandem to allow the Cannabis Regulatory Agency (CRA) to do business with local Native American cannabis businesses, and vice versa. Currently, state licensed cannabis and tribal cannabis businesses must operate separately from one another and cannot trade or do business with one another. Senate Bill 179 and Senate Bill 180 would permit these two distinct parts of the industry to interact. “According to committee testimony, the marijuana industry regulated by the CRA and businesses operated by tribal members on tribal lands are currently in two separate silos, meaning that product cannot be sold between these businesses,” the analysis stated. “The bills are intended to allow for the sale of product between the two types of businesses while maintaining a level playing field by requiring tribal businesses to pay the same tax rate as other businesses.” SB-180, sponsored by Sen. Roger Hauck, would allow the CRA to enter into an agreement with a Native American tribe “regarding marijuana-related regulatory issues that involve the interests of Michigan and the Indian tribe, including those related to the commercial growing, processing, sale, testing, transportation, and possession of marijuana.” Tribal businesses would be exempt from the 10% state excise tax on cannabis but would instead implement a tribal tax of 10% instead. It also includes a section clearly stating that it is not unlawful to conduct these agreements. “The act currently provides that certain acts performed by licensees are not unlawful; not an offense; not grounds for seizing or forfeiting property; not grounds for arrest, prosecution, or penalty in any manner; not grounds for search or inspection except as authorized by the act; and not grounds to deny any other right or privilege.” SB-179, sponsored by Sen. Jeff Irwin, amends state law to give a portion of state cannabis tax revenue to tribes who allow state licensed cannabis business on their land. “The bill would provide that, if a marijuana retailer or microbusiness is located in Indian lands, the portions of the unexpended balances attributable to the marijuana retailer or microbusiness that would otherwise have been allocated to a municipality and a county as described above must instead be allocated to the Indian tribe in whose Indian lands the marijuana retailer or microbusiness is located.” Both SB-180 and SB-179 must be passed in order for them to take effect. The Native American tribes in support of this include the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe, as well as the CRA, Common Citizen (a Michigan-based cannabis brand), and Michigan Cannabis Industry Authority. Numerous other cannabis- or psychedelic-related bills have also been working through the legislature recently. In July, the Michigan Civil Service Commission adopted a rule to stop cannabis drug screenings for most state government employees. Commission member Nick Ciaramitaro explained that it’s long overdue to implement the new rule. “Whether or not we agree with it or not is kind of beyond the point,” said Ciaramitaro. “Use of marijuana on the job is different than having used it months before you take the test … It doesn’t make sense to limit our ability to hire qualified people because they took a gummy two weeks ago.” The rule took place starting on Oct. 1. In September, Michigan legislators passed a resolution and asked congress, the Department of Defense, and Department of Veterans Affairs to “prioritize research and investment in non-technology treatment options for servicemembers and veterans who have psychological trauma as a result of military service.” The resolution also addresses how “effective treatment options for these conditions vary from servicemember to servicemember” when it comes to psychedelic treatments.  It also adds the importance of supporting veterans’ family members as well, stating that “resources should be made available to help them understand and assist their loved ones who may be suffering from psychological trauma. Family members of servicemembers or veterans with behavioral health problems may experience family violence and aggression, lower parenting satisfaction, and child behavior problems.” A new bill introduced earlier this month focuses on cannabis for students kindergarten through 12th grade. If passed, it would allow cannabis to be on campus for medical use, as long as two medical professionals have provided written permission. Additionally, teachers would oversee administering the medicine. In August, the Michigan Cannabis Regulatory Agency reported cannabis revenue was at record-highs, having collected $276 million in sales for the month of July. Despite high sales numbers, many cannabis businesses have reported low profits. National Cannabis Industry Association’s senior economist, Beau Whitney, explained the effects of new licenses being approved, creating endless competition. “It’s kind of a race to the bottom, as they call it,” said Whitney. “Prices are going down, down and down because there’s so much competition, but at some point, prices won’t be able to go down any further.” 

https://hightimes.com/

New York Judge Approves Two Cannabis Retailers To Open

A New York Judge recently issued a court order that allows just two cannabis retailers to open for business, while hundreds of others are put on hold. On Oct. 6, Judge Kevin Bryant permitted Manhattan-based ConBud LLC and Queens-based Kush Culture LLC (also known as Terp Bros) to be exempt from the current hold on cannabis business operations. Bryant initially issued the injunction in August, which prevents retail cannabis licensees from opening. Currently, more than 400 conditional adult-use retail dispensary licensees are on hold, and while no more licenses are being awarded by the Office of Cannabis Management (OCM). Only 23 cannabis businesses are operating throughout the entire state. “While today’s ruling is a disappointment, we are committed to working with the Cannabis Control Board to find a way forward that does not derail our efforts to bring the most equitable cannabis market in the nation to life,” the OCM said in a response to Bryan’s decision. Bryant stated that any licensees who were already ready to open by Aug. 7 would be allowed to request an exemption from his injunction. In response to this, the OCM sent a list of 30 retailers who were ready to open and seek exemption, although Bryant did not agree that most of them were actually ready. ConBud and Kush Culture are the only approved licensees so far. According to attorney Jorge Vasquez, representing both ConBud and Kush Culture, there’s a light at the end of the tunnel in regard to the injunction. “We’re certainly pleased with the decision,” Vasquez said. “It’s certainly a step in the right direction for the CAURD program and for CAURD licensees, and we hope that these two are just the first of more to come.” Vasquez added that there isn’t a specific date that the two businesses will open, but with Bryant’s approval, it could be as soon as tomorrow. According to a statement from attorney Wei Hu, obtained by Green Market Report, he expressed his excitement that Bryant had approved two licensees so far, and expects possibly 14 more exemptions to be announced in the very near future. “With open applications, there is no basis for the injunction to remain against any provisional CAURD licensee… There is no basis for this litigation to continue to impose unprecedented pain against hundreds of families,” said Hu. “That being said, I am thrilled my clients Jeremy Rivera and Alessandro Cottone can resume the commitment to bringing access to licensed cannabis to the Astoria Queens community, and the dozens of living-wage jobs that come along with it.” Kush Culture/Terp Bros also told Green Market Report about being one of few to be exempt so far. “We’re ecstatic. We’re going to try to move as fast as we can,” said Jeremy Rivera about Terp Bros. “It’s been long enough. We’ve been holding off for two months almost since the injunction started back in August. Now, it’s getting the staff trained, getting inventory in.” Another attorney involved in representing the CAURD licensees, Duncan Delano, added that the situation is hopeful, but not entirely reassuring at the moment. “If you’re not one of those two [licensees], you’re still pretty frustrated. I have many clients in that boat. But it is hopeful, and I’m portraying that to my clients, as a sign of hope.” A group of four military veterans also filed a lawsuit against the state of New York in August regarding the first approved licenses being awarded to individuals with cannabis convictions, and no disabled veterans or members of a minority group received a license. “The MRTA had already established a goal to award 50% of all adult-use licenses to social and economic equity applicants. But instead of following the law, OCM and CCB created their own version of ‘social equity’ and determined for themselves which individuals would get priority to enter New York’s nascent adult-use cannabis market,” reads a joint statement on behalf of the veterans. In September, new rules were approved by regulators to open up license applications for social equity applicants (which includes veterans, minority and women-owned businesses, and struggling cultivators starting on Oct. 4. “It’s about time,” said Carmine Fiore, one of the veterans in the case. “We finally have an equitable playing field. We are finally being prioritized—as we should have been under the law.” According to Delano, cases such as these could lead to additional lawsuits in the future. “It’s part of a strategy that continues to be working: playing hardball and OCM being on the defensive,” he said.  While the landscape of the New York cannabis industry remains tumultuous for the time being, the city of Rochester is preparing for the influx of cannabis jobs. At the end of September, the Rochester Public Library announced a five-week cannabis certification program to help prepare city residents to embark on new careers in cannabis. “As we prepare for legal cannabis dispensaries to operate in our region, it is important to make sure we have a pool of qualified employees ready to start working in these businesses as soon as they open,” said Rochester Mayor Malik D. Evans. “The City of Rochester puts a lot of consideration into our processes to make sure cannabis businesses are set up to succeed in our city, especially for Black and Brown people who were most negatively affected by the war on drugs.

https://hightimes.com/

Sacramento City Council Meeting ‘Delves Into Chaos’ After Closing 11-Acre Pot Farm

A large cannabis operation with 22 buildings spanning over 11 acres must temporarily cease operations as hundreds of employees are fighting for their jobs, culminating in a chaotic Sacramento City Council meeting. Law enforcement officials ordered Natura to close on Oct. 2, a farm located on Elder Creek Road near Power Inn Road, citing fire code violations that make the Morrison Creek district buildings unsafe for its 450 employees. Nautra now must work with the city to bring its 22 buildings on its 11.5-acre site into code compliance. The decision to close down the operation led to about 40 employees attending a Sacramento City Council meeting the next day to fight for their jobs. The Sacramento Bee reports that the city council meeting “delved into chaos.” “I believe my company is wrongfully under assault,” Michael Hicks, an employee, told the city council on Tuesday. “My job and the job of hundreds of others are in jeopardy right now.” Sacramento Mayor Darrell Steinberg urged Natura CEO and co-founder Ori Bytton to urgently spend money for construction. The Mayor got personal and pointed out that Bytton listed his home recently for $35 million, according to a Wall Street Journal article, and believes he should be able to handle the cost. “I don’t begrudge anybody’s wealth,” Steinberg said. “But I would suggest to you that you hire people to do double, triple, quadruple overtime to get this work done in collaboration with the building inspector and fire inspector and get these folks back to work as quickly as possible and/or pay you employees while this work gets done. That comment, however, led Bytton to jump from his seat and raise his voice, causing the council to adjourn the meeting early, and dozens of employees of the operation left the room. “You may be asked to leave,” an official told Bytton as he was speaking. KCRA 3 posted a video of the city council disruptions. A temporary closure could result in the facility closing for good, said Craig Powell, a co-founder of the firm and its senior vice president. “There are tens of millions of dollars of plant and product that will rot and decay, to the demise of our company,” Powell said. The case was taken by Judge Christopher J. Kruger, then reassigned to Judge Richard K. Sueyoshi, per Natura’s request. The city is currently evaluating the details of the lawsuit, city spokesman Tim Swanson told the Bee. Chants of “Go home Nazis!” could be heard from people in the meeting. Some shoving around can be seen in the video, but it did not escalate much further. No one was injured, however, and no one was detained, according to the Sacramento Police Department.  Tom Pace, the city’s development director who spoke before the council, said that Natura has been extending the compliance time limits since the COVID pandemic. The city’s interim chief building official, Bob Latz,and city Fire Marshal Jason Lee, made the decision to stop granting extensions, Pace said. The compliance shortcomings are reportedly fire suppression and protection equipment that was missing in multiple buildings on the campus. This usually involves things like sprinkler systems. On Thursday, the company sued the city in Sacramento Superior Court claiming the city violated the company’s constitutional rights. The lawsuit asks for a judge to order the city to allow the business to stay open. “Loss of employment resulting from the city’s outrageous misconduct will be devastating to these Natura employees and could potentially render many of them homeless in a city that already has a significant homelessness problem,” An unrelated lawsuit was filed in 2021 by workers associated with the operation. Several contractors said they were awaiting payment from a Nautra campus they each provided services for, according to liens filed with the Sacramento County Clerk and Recorder’s Office. As the capital city of California, heated meetings are not uncommon. A group of licensed cannabis business owners rallied on the steps of the California capitol in June 2022 to bring attention to the impact high cannabis taxes have on independent entrepreneurs. The demonstration, which was held in response to the proposed state budget released by Governor Gavin Newsom, was organized by Supernova Women, an Oakland nonprofit that works to create opportunities for Black and Brown people in the cannabis industry. The rally featured more than fifty cannabis business owners, patients, and policymakers who are Black, Indigenous, or people of color (BIPOC) and gathered to call for several changes to the state’s cannabis regulations, including eliminating the cannabis excise tax for licensed social equity businesses.

https://hightimes.com/

California Gov. Gavin Newsom Vetoes Psychedelics Decriminalization Bill

An effort to decriminalize psychedelic substances was nixed after California’s governor vetoed the bill on grounds that the bill is missing dosing guidelines and other critical inclusions that he says would have made it safer. To the dismay of psychedelic advocates across the state, California Gov. Gavin Newsom vetoed Senate Bill 58 on Oct 7, a bill that aimed to decriminalize the possession and personal use of several hallucinogens, including psilocybin mushrooms. Newsom announced that he vetoed SB-58 and 43 other bills in his announcement.  The bill would have allowed those 21 and older to possess psilocybin, and other psychedelic substances including dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and mescaline. The bill would have taken effect in 2025, and would have required the California Health and Human Services Agency to study and to make recommendations to lawmakers on the therapeutic use of psychedelic substances. Newsom explained that he would approve a bill if it had more rigid guidelines. “California should immediately begin work to set up regulated treatment guidelines—replete with dosing information, therapeutic guidelines, rules to prevent against exploitation during guided treatments, and medical clearance of no underlying psychoses,” Newsom’s statement said. “Unfortunately, this bill would decriminalize possession prior to these guidelines going into place, and I cannot sign it.” State Sen. Scott Wiener, who authored the bill, said that vetoing the bill is a step backwards for California, maintaining that people caught with psychedelics will continue to be treated as criminals. “This is a setback for the huge number of Californians—including combat veterans and first responders—who are safely using and benefiting from these non-addictive substances and who will now continue to be classified as criminals under California law,” Wiener said in a statement Saturday. “The evidence is beyond dispute that criminalizing access to these substances only serves to make people less safe and reduce access to help.” “Gov Newsom vetoed SB 58, our bill to decriminalize mushrooms & other naturally occurring psychedelics,” Wiener tweeted. “So for now, folks who benefit from these non-addictive substances remain classified as criminals under CA law. Our fight is not over. We’ll be back with legislation next year. It’s not the lawmaker’s first attempt at decriminalizing psychedelics in California. Wiener unsuccessfully attempted to approve a broader bill last year that would have also decriminalized the use and possession of LSD and MDMA. Last month, the Governor was handed 17 bills related to cannabis and psychedelics, including SB-58. The bills include a wide variety of proposals, which Newsom must either sign, veto, or refuse to sign and allow them to be approved without his signature. In the past, Newsom has expressed support for cannabis and psychedelics, but has vetoed efforts that he deemed rushed or ill-prepared. This bill was approved by the California Legislature and passed on to the Gov. Gavin Newsom on Sept. 13. It would legalize possession, cultivation, and transportation of substances such as psilocybin, psilocyn, DMT, and mescaline. The bill was led by Sen. Scott Wiener, who believes that it will help many patients, especially military veterans, within the state.  “California’s veterans, first responders, and others struggling with PTSD, depression, and addiction deserve access to these promising plant medicines,” said Wiener when the bill passed in the Assembly. “SB-58 has prudent safeguards in place after we incorporated feedback from three years of deep engagement with a broad array of stakeholders. We know these substances are not addictive, and they show tremendous promise in treating many of the most intractable conditions driving our nation’s mental health crisis. It’s time to stop criminalizing people who use psychedelics for healing or personal well-being.” Other states are moving forward quickly with bills to loosen up laws surrounding psychedelics. In 2020, voters in Oregon approved a bill that decriminalized small amounts of psychedelics. The state was the first to approve the supervised use of psilocybin in therapeutic settings. Voters in Colorado approved a ballot measure last year to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms and to create state-regulated centers. Things are moving fast: The U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) designated psilocybin as a “breakthrough therapy” for treatment-resistant depression in 2019. In addition, recently published draft guidance on using psychedelics in clinical trials is pushing the movement forward. Moving forward, lawmakers can override a governor’s veto with a two-thirds vote, but this has not been achieved in decades. There are already more ways California voters could decriminalize psychedelics in California. Advocates are working hard to put two initiatives on the November 2024 ballot to expand psychedelic use. One bill would legalize the use and sale of mushrooms for adults ages 21 and older. The other bill would allocate $5 billion in state funding to establish a state agency tasked with researching psychedelic-assisted therapy.

https://hightimes.com/

Living Soil THCa Flower: New Way To Get High?

In the vast, ever-expanding universe of cannabis, innovation is the beating heart that keeps our community vibrant and thriving. It’s where ancient, earth-friendly practices merge with cutting-edge techniques to create something truly exceptional. Today, we’re diving into the world of Living Soil THCa Flower cultivation, a phenomenon that embraces the essence of organic farming while heralding a new wave of cannabis consumption. Buckle up as we explore the incredible fusion of Living Soil and THCa, promising a natural, healthier, and uniquely euphoric high that every cannabis enthusiast should experience. Living Soil isn’t just dirt—it’s a living, breathing ecosystem where microbes reign supreme. This rich, dynamic environment continually rejuvenates itself, providing an abundant nutrient source for plants. Picture this: a community of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, and even earthworms, all working in perfect harmony to break down organic matter and deliver vital nutrients straight to the roots of our beloved cannabis plants. Living Soil serves up a delectable buffet of essential nutrients that your cannabis plants will absolutely adore. The microbial magic within this soil type transforms nutrients into forms that plants can effortlessly absorb, resulting in robust and healthy growth. In addition, embracing Living Soil practices means you’re a bona fide eco-warrior. Say goodbye to synthetic inputs, as this organic approach promotes biodiversity, bolsters soil structure, and curtails erosion and runoff. Mother Nature thanks you. Most importantly, less synthetic fertilizers and pesticides mean fewer chemicals seeping into our precious water sources. That’s a win-win for the environment and the communities living near cultivation areas. If nurturing the soil to nurture plants is the creed of organic farmers, then it’s the anthem of cannabis cultivators too. Living Soil is a game-changer for cannabis cultivation, as it turbocharges nutrient uptake and elevates terpene profiles. These terpenes, the flavor and aroma architects of cannabis, tend to flourish in Living Soil, delivering a sensory experience like no other. Now, let’s dive into the juicy details of growing THCa Flower in Living Soil—a natural love affair that works in tandem with nature to create a paradise for cannabis plants. The Natural Synergy: Living Soil provides the perfect playground for cannabis plants. The microbial orchestra breaks down organic matter, serving up essential nutrients on a silver platter. No need for synthetic fertilizers here; it’s all about going au naturel. Impact on Growth and Potency: Studies and the whispers of seasoned cultivators suggest that cannabis plants raised in Living Soil are tougher cookies when it comes to pests and diseases. The increased microbial activity boosts potency and terpene profiles, offering a richer and more rewarding experience for connoisseurs. Real-life Stories: Across the cannabis cultivation universe, Living Soil has become the go-to choice for THCa Flower. Farmers are singing praises of higher yields, top-notch flower quality, and terpene profiles that’ll make your taste buds tango. Plus, let’s not forget the eco-friendly angle, which is driving a green revolution within the cannabis industry. Comparative Analysis: When stacked against conventional growing mediums, Living Soil stands tall. It’s not just sustainable; it’s a quality powerhouse. Reduced external inputs, cost-effectiveness, and a richer terpene profile make it a front-runner for crafting premium THCa Flowers. Now, the million-dollar question: how does the high from Living Soil THCa Flower compare? Brace yourself, because it’s a symphony of sensations that might just blow your mind. Enhanced Terpene Symphony: The terpene profile from Living Soil cultivation is like a gourmet feast for your senses. These aromatic compounds can dance with THC, creating an entourage effect that elevates the high to new heights. Purity of the Experience: No synthetic chemicals or pesticides here—just pure, natural cannabis goodness. You’re in for a cleaner, smoother high without those pesky contaminants that can ruin the experience. Potency Plus: Thanks to the natural nutrient uptake in Living Soil, you might be in for a more potent experience. If THCa transforms into THC naturally or through heating, expect a high that’s intense and enduring. Mindful High: Knowing that you’re enjoying sustainably grown, organic cannabis adds another layer to the experience. It’s a mindful journey that connects you to the plant and the Earth, enhancing your overall enjoyment. Individual Journey: Remember, everyone’s cannabis experience is unique. Factors like personal tolerance, strain choice, and consumption method can all influence how you ride the Living Soil THCa high. Before you embark on this journey, a word of caution—THCa’s legal status can be as hazy as a cloud of smoke. It varies from place to place, so be sure to understand your local laws regarding cannabinoids, especially when venturing into the THCa domain. If you are about to google “Living Soil THCa flower near me”, look no further. Consider trusted sources like The Hemp Doctor, a North Carolina-based cannabis dispensary. With a pristine process, stellar reviews, and a vast selection of THCa products, they’re your ticket to a natural high delivered right to your doorstep. You have to check out their Granddaddy Purple Living Soil THCa flower today. Also, check out their third-party lab tests—they’re a seal of quality assurance. The cannabis world is in constant evolution, with innovations in cultivation techniques and consumer products happening all the time. Living Soil THCa Flower is part of this exciting movement towards organic, sustainable practices in cannabis agriculture. It’s not just about getting high; it’s about elevating your experience to new, natural heights. So, dear cannabis connoisseur, gear up for an unforgettable journey—a journey where Living Soil and THCa unite to redefine the way you perceive and enjoy cannabis. Let’s get high, the natural way!

https://hightimes.com/

This Year’s Best Fall-Inspired Edibles

At the beginning of fall, our senses are awakening to the change of the season. Depending on where you live, you might see the colorful leaves change to beautiful hues of yellow, orange, and red, or you probably have found some neighbors eagerly putting up Halloween decorations already. You’ll hear the crunching of leaves underfoot, and a cooler wind blowing through the trees in the evening. Once we dig out our tried-and-true hoodies, sweaters, and blankets from the storage closet, it’s official—fall is well underway. But among all of our senses becoming revitalized during this time of year, our sense of taste probably gets the most attention. We can’t get enough of apples, pumpkins, caramel, and other flavors that are most popular in autumn. As the cannabis industry continues to grow, brands are always thinking of ways to provide seasonal experiences. To satisfy those yearly cravings, these edibles in particular showcase some unique fall and autumn-inspired edibles that have originated in a variety of markets. Apples are the epitome of the arrival of fall, and the Lafayette, New York-based brand, ayrloom, makes a delightful selection of hemp infused beverages. Their apples are grown on the company’s fifth generation family orchard, called Beak & Skiff, and make a variety of beverages mixed with 5 mg THC and 5 mg CBD. It can be consumed both as refrigerated or on ice, but also heated up and mulled with cinnamon or nutmeg for a more festival and cozy drink too. The ayrloom brand also offers edibles, vapes, balms, and tinctures too. Described as Pine + Star’s flagship flavor and “a cider like no other,” their sparkling cinnamon cider is a unique marriage of apple and cinnamon flavor. It’s only available in Massachusetts and Maine, and a perfect beverage to enjoy before a pumpkin patch or apple picking excursion if you find yourself on the east coast. Cloud Creamery recently teased a new caramel apple crumble flavor of their infused ice cream on social media. One 4.5 ounce package comes infused with 5 mg THC, and it’s perfect for those apple picking days where the summer temperatures haven’t fully disappeared from the weather forecast. The brand is currently only available in Massachusetts, but the other flavoring options like strawberry shortcake, chocolate truffle, java brownie, mint chip, Tanzanian vanilla, pina colada, and s’mores, are more than enough to warrant a planned vacation for any time of year. These mouth-watering little honey caramels are infused with all of the telltale fall flavors of apple cider—including cinnamon, nutmeg, and allspice—as well as cannabis extract (10 mg THC and 10 mg CBD per serving). The brand states that it brings up familiar memories of warmth and relaxation. It’s a tasty way to celebrate fall, but Verdelux Bon Bombs also come in other unique flavors such as banana foster, cherry amaretto, and more. They’re only available in Washington State though, so a trip to the pacific northwest is sorely needed. This Oklahoma-based brand was one of the first to expand its product availability outside of its home state, which can partially be attributed to its wide variety of edibles. Right now we’ve got our eye on the gluten-free apple-flavored gummies, which have a tiny dollop of caramel in the center. But if that isn’t already enough, Kosmik also has a ton of other fun and unique flavors too, available in Arizona, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, and Nevada. These caramel apple-flavored drops are featured in Insa’s autumn collection as a variation of the brand’s sour green apple drops. The addition of rich caramel flavor makes these perfect for a cool fall evening. The collection also includes a maple waffle milk chocolate bar as well that sounds delicious too. These limited-time treats are available at Insa locations in Florida, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. This California brand’s most popular product are peanut butter cups—evoking nostalgia of fall and Halloween during this time of year. So popular in fact that they make three variations for indica, sativa, and hybrid varieties now, in addition to other products like gummies and hard fruit drops. Two years ago, we featured Kanha’s limited time mystery flavor edible. This year, they’ve debuted a new limited flavor—a s’mores flavored gummy. Made from Belgian cocoa beans originating from Ecuador, Ghana, and the Ivory Coast, this particular combination makes for a decadent edible reminiscent of autumn. They have a ton of other flavors as well, including Passionfruit Paradise gummies, which won 3rd place in the High Times Cannabis Cup Massachusetts: People’s Choice Edition 2022. Kiva returns once again for a “chills & thrills” inspired gummies experience. The intense but sweet blood orange flavor is one that’s pleasant to enjoy all year-round, not just in October. And for those who enjoy the spooky aesthetic, these come in a reusable tin featuring an old cabin in a dark forest. A plethora of pumpkins this time of year means an overabundance of pumpkin spice lattes, but we’ll take a pumpkin pie bar any day. This one has all of the pumpkin spice flavor mixed with white chocolate and graham crackers. All of this brand’s edibles can be found in Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, Ohio, and Virginia. Incredibles even won first place in the indica gummies category at our High Times Cannabis Cup Massachusetts: People’s Choice Edition 2022 for its Snoozzzeberry indica gummies.

https://hightimes.com/

Psychedelics Produce Mental Health Improvements For Special Ops Vets, Study Finds

Researchers at the Ohio State University examined “the effectiveness of psychedelic-assisted therapy among trauma-exposed Special Operations Forces Veterans (SOFV) seeking treatment for cognitive and mental health problems in Mexico.”  They said that research “in psychedelic medicine has focused primarily on civilian populations,” and that further “study is needed to understand whether these treatments are effective for Veteran populations.” The treatment on the special ops veterans focused on two psychedelic drugs, both of which are banned under the Controlled Substances Act, according to a news article from the university: “a combination of ibogaine hydrochloride, derived from the West African shrub iboga, and 5-MeO-DMT, a psychedelic substance secreted by the Colorado River toad.” “In addition to relieving symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the combined treatment also alleviated cognitive impairment linked to traumatic brain injury – which stood out to researchers from The Ohio State University who led the chart-review analysis. Many special operations forces veterans seeking treatment for complex psychiatric symptoms do not respond to more traditional therapies,” the article said. In their conclusions, the researchers said that “assisted therapy has potential to provide rapid and robust changes in mental health functioning with a signal of durable therapeutic effects up to 6-months,” and that additional research in controlled settings is warranted. The lead author of the study, Alan Davis, an associate professor and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education (CPDRE) in Ohio State’s College of Social Work, said that what “sets this group apart from some other veterans and civilians is that often, they are exposed to repeated traumatic events as a routine part of their jobs.” “This build-up of exposure to these difficulties seems to produce a cluster of challenges that include traumatic brain injury, which we know in and of itself predisposes people to mental health problems,” said Davis.  “So the fact that we saw that there were improvements in cognitive functioning linked to brain injury were probably the most striking results, because that’s something we didn’t predict and it’s very new and novel in terms of how psychedelics might help in so many different domains.” Ohio State News has more background on the study, which was published last month in the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: “Most of the veterans attending the clinic retreat program had been on active duty after 9/11 and reported seeking care for memory problems, brain injury, depression, anxiety, PTSD, sleep problems, anger and fatigue. Head injuries were reported by 86% of attendees, most of whom attributed memory problems, irritability, disordered sleep and ringing in the ears to those long-ago head traumas. Eighty-six veterans completed pre-treatment questionnaires assessing a range of mental health symptoms as well as satisfaction with life, anger levels and suicidality. Each attendee received a single oral ibogaine hydrochloride dose and, on a separate day, at least three incremental inhalation doses adding up to 50 milligrams of 5-MeO-DMT, also commonly called Five or Bufo. Preparation and reflection sessions preceded and followed each treatment. Overall, participants reported large improvements in self-reported PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety, insomnia severity and anger, as well as a significant increase in satisfaction with life, from pre-treatment to the one-month follow-up, and sustained benefits at the three- and six-month follow-ups. Additional reported improvements that continued for six months included reductions in disability and post-concussive symptoms, and very large increases in psychological flexibility and cognitive functioning.” Researchers and policymakers are increasingly advocating for psychedelics as a mental health treatment, particularly for vulnerable populations such as veterans. Last month, a group of lawmakers in Michigan passed a resolution urging Congress, the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs to ““prioritize research and investment in non-technology treatment options for servicemembers and veterans who have psychological trauma as a result of military service.” “Effective treatment options for these conditions vary from servicemember to servicemember,” the resolution said. “Non-technology treatment options, such as buddy-to-buddy programs, controlled use of psychedelics in clinical settings, outdoor therapy, and easier access to service animals, among others, have shown promise to help veterans improve their mental health and find a new normal while dealing with the invisible wounds of war and service.” The younger brother of President Joe Biden offered hope to those advocates earlier this year, when he said that the commander-in-chief is “very open minded” about psychedelic treatment. “Put it that way. I don’t want to speak; I’m talking brother-to-brother. Brother-to-brother,” Frank Biden said. “The question is, is the world, is the U.S. ready for this? My opinion is that we are on the cusp of a consciousness that needs to be brought about to solve a lot of the problems in and around addiction, but as importantly, to make us aware of the fact that we’re all one people and we’ve got to come together.”

https://hightimes.com/

California Task Force Seizes Nearly 100K Weed Plants in Three Months

California’s Unified Cannabis Enforcement Taskforce (UCETF) seized nearly 100,000 cannabis plants over the last three months, according to an announcement from the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife. State officials lauded the seizures on Friday, saying that illegal weed grow sites pose a threat to consumer safety and are often associated with organized crime. Bill Jones, chief of the Law Enforcement Division for the California Department of Cannabis Control (DCC), noted that the task force had focused on some of the largest unlicensed cannabis cultivation sites in California during the third quarter of 2023. “For the last three months UCETF has been focused on larger, outdoor cannabis operations that posed a significant threat to the environment and public safety,” Jones said in a statement to the press. “Many of these illegal cannabis operations are linked to organized crime, and in addition to threatening the environment and communities, the products these operations pose a direct threat to consumer health and the stability of the legal cannabis market.” For the three months that ended on September 30, the UCETF eradicated a total of 98,054 illicit cannabis plants, down from the 120,970 plants seized in the second quarter of this year. The task force also confiscated 61,415.75 pounds of cannabis, which was nearly on par with the 66,315.01 pounds of weed seized over the previous three months. State officials noted, however, that the totals for the third quarter were achieved through the serving of 60 search warrants, a 35% reduction in the number of search warrants served in Q2. The task force also confiscated 69 firearms during raids at unlicensed marijuana cultivation facilities between July and September, a 363% increase compared to the previous quarter. The searches during the third quarter resulted in no seizures of cash, however, while $223,809 in cash was confiscated during the preceding three months.  “Over the past quarter, UCTEF conducted several highly coordinated operations that will disrupt the illegal supply chain and improve consumer and public safety. The task force focused on rural areas where illegal cultivators have been conducting unlicensed operations,” said Nathaniel Arnold, acting chief of Enforcement for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “These enforcement numbers represent the hard work and commitment from our multiagency teams. I applaud our officers and partner agencies who worked tirelessly to identify these clandestine operations and provide a good measure of public and consumer safety.” The UCETF also reported that the cannabis seized as search warrants were being served last quarter has an estimated street value of $101,349,657, down nearly $8 million from the $109,277,688.94 estimate from the previous quarter. Police estimations of the street value of seized marijuana, however, are routinely inflated and have been for years. Instead of reporting the wholesale value of the weed confiscated from large operations, law enforcement officials will often value cannabis based on the gray market price of one gram, increasing the estimate greatly but misleadingly. “Inflating valuations of drug busts in the press” is a “fairly common tactic in law enforcement,” as Alex Kreit, a law professor at Northern Kentucky University and director of the school’s Center on Addiction Law & Policy, said in an email to Forbes in 2021. “That’s not to say it is legitimate; I think it is incredibly misleading,” he added. “But I do believe it’s common.” The UCETF is a multi-departmental effort created through California Governor Gavin Newsom’s 2022-2023 budget to target illegal cannabis operations. The task force works closely with the DCC, the CDFW, and the Homeland Security Division of the California Office of Emergency Services. The UCETF has been charged with coordinating state efforts and increasing cannabis enforcement cooperation between state, local and federal partners.  The task force has been actively working since late summer 2022 and has been taking aggressive action in an effort to protect communities, consumers and the environment. Since its inception, the UCETF has eradicated 277,314 plants and seized 101 firearms, according to data from the task force.

https://hightimes.com/

Kentucky Governor Provides Medical Cannabis Program Update

Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear spoke at a news conference on Oct. 7 and provided an update on the ongoing progress of the state’s medical cannabis program. “We have established the Medical Cannabis Program, which is the office that is going to do this work, as part of the Cabinet for Health and Family Services,” said Beshear. “The office is preparing to communicate the implementation of this law with a new website that went live today. So, moving forward, you can get updates on the implementation through kymedcan.ky.gov.” Beshear explained that the website offers “Guidelines and answers to frequently asked questions, for providers, growers, physicians, APRNs, and others with an interest in the program,” as well as information for the public to follow on X and LinkedIn as well. He also announced Sam Flynn as executive director for the medical cannabis program. In March, Beshear signed a medical cannabis bill, Senate Bill 47, that made it the 38th state to do so. It legalizes cannabis use for patients suffering from cancer, ALS, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, post-traumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, glaucoma, and many more conditions.  The bill also called for the creation of the Team Kentucky Medical Cannabis Workgroup. “This workgroup’s purpose is to study evolving medical cannabis industry policy and the state of medical cannabis policy in our Commonwealth and around the country,” Beshear explained. “This group will include individuals from state and local government, as well as the private sector, with relevant experience in law enforcement, agriculture, healthcare, workforce and economic development.” Beshear originally named the members of the workgroup back in June 2022, with 15 individuals in varying fields of expertise. The workgroup met for the first time on Oct. 4. Beshear’s push for cannabis goes back to November 2022, when he signed an executive order allowing patients to use medical cannabis as a treatment for specific conditions. “Kentuckians with qualified medical conditions can continue to seek relief with medical cannabis by going out of state and following all those conditions that you need to carefully read in the executive order,” Beshear concluded at the news event. “All Kentuckians with qualifying medical conditions deserve a chance at a brighter, pain-free future, without ever having to turn to opioids. We know what those did to our state.” According to recent data from the Kentucky Administrative Office of the Courts, presented by the Kentucky Center for Economic Policy, more than 300,000 people in the state have been charged with a cannabis-related crime in the last 20 years. That amounts to an estimated two people every hour, every day. Through a wide scope, that means that during the data timeframe (between June 2022-July 2022), 3.1 million people were charged with crimes in Kentucky, and one out of every 10 of those were charged with a cannabis crime.  “Still, as much of the country has moved to more permissive policies, Kentucky continues to subject people to incarceration, burdensome fines, community supervision, and criminal charges for cannabis crimes. These consequences have lasting, harmful effects on people’s economic security, employment, health, housing, and ability to fully participate in community life. And these consequences often fall disproportionately on low-income and Black and Brown Kentuckians.” Cannabis possession is the most common charge in the state, which could lead offenders to spend up to 45 days in jail and fined up to $250. Like many other states, Kentucky is also looking into the potential of other substances to combat the harmful effects of opioids. In June, Kentucky Opioid Abatement Advisory Commission (KYOAAC) chairman and executive director, Bryan Hubbard, announced that $42 million will go toward funding psychedelic research. “Kentucky must overcome the opioid epidemic by any and all means necessary,” Hubbard said. “As we begin the next phase in our fight against this crisis, we must explore any treatment option that demonstrates breakthrough therapeutic potential. Our goal is to investigate the creation of a new standard for treating opioid dependence, so we can finally end this cycle of pain in the Commonwealth.” The funds come from a $26 billion settlement from February 2022 2022 between large pharmaceutical companies and their part in the opioid epidemic. Last month, the KYOAAC held a five-hour hearing to allow ibogaine patients to speak about their positive experiences using the substance. Twenty-three individuals presented their personal experiences, including former Kentucky Attorney General Ben Chandler, who is now the President and CEO of Foundation for a Healthy Kentucky. “We have not been able to solve the problem, in my judgment,” said Chandler. “It continues to be intractable, and we need as many tools as we can get. And I believe that a drug like ibogaine, from what I’ve read, it has the potential to make the difference that we need to have made—or at least a big difference.”

https://hightimes.com/

Putin Says Cocaine, Grenades Caused Fatal Plane Crash of Enemy, Not Assassination

Russian President Vladimir Putin suggested on Thursday that mercenary Yevgeny Prigozhin’s fiery death in a plane that went down was due to cocaine and grenades, not a coordinated assassination in retaliation for his uprising, as many suspect. Prigozhin’s days were numbered the moment he led the Wagner Group—his paramilitary mercenary group—in a short but surprisingly robust uprising against Putin’s military last June. Prigozhin also openly criticized the Russian Defense Ministry, calling the invasion of the Ukraine as more or less a dumpster fire, and saying their reasons for the invasion were lies. On Aug. 23, an Embraer Legacy 600 business jet crashed near Kuzhenkino in Tver Oblast, about 60 miles north of the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, where it departed. Yevgeny Prigozhin, Dmitry Utkin, and Valery Chekalov—three key figures of the Wagner Group—were aboard and killed. Just before flying, Prigozhin was reportedly oddly given permission to leave Russia for Belarus, but that could’ve been a trap. It’s widely believed to have been an assassination. CBS News reports that “The Kremlin has dismissed suggestions that it orchestrated the crash in revenge for Wagner’s march on Moscow.” Pressure was building for Putin to provide an explanation, and he did not disappoint. NBC News reports that in a speech on Oct. 5 at the Valdai Discussion Club in Sochi, Russia, about six weeks after Prigozhin’s plane fell from the sky, Putin spun a “wild tale that drugs and grenades caused the fatal crash,” claiming the plane had 11 pounds of cocaine and grenade fragments. A simple drug test would have proven this, he suggested. U.S. officials told NBC News that intelligence suggests sabotage is the leading theory for the crash. “I know there must be a question hanging in the air as to what happened to the company’s top management,” Putin said. “The Investigative Committee head [Alexander Bastrykin] reported to me just the other day that hand grenade fragments had been found in the bodies of those killed in the plane crash.” “Unfortunately, tests on traces of alcohol or drugs in the blood of those killed were not taken, although we know that after the events we all know about [the uprising] the FSB [Russia’s intelligence agency] found not only 10 billion [rubles] in cash, but also 5 kilograms of cocaine in the Saint Petersburg office” of Prigozhin’s company, Putin said. Putin denied that any missile or projectile was a factor in the crash. “There was no external impact on the plane,” Putin said. “This is an established fact, a fact established by the examination that Russia’s Investigative Committee has conducted. The investigation still continues.” U.S. intelligence agrees no missile was involved, but says Prigozhin’s plane crashed due to an explosive that was intentionally set off on board. Alexander Litvinenko, a former Russian FSB (the new KGB) spy who defected to England, died in 2006 after drinking tea poisoned with a radioactive substance called polonium-210, “the most dangerous substance known to man.” It’s a rare radioactive isotope that caused him to die a slow painful death. And it’s only produced in Russia. Litvinenko was loudly against Russian policies and spoke out about it often. Litvinenko said he himself was hired to assassinate Putin’s adversaries. On Nov. 23, 2006, Litvinenko succumbed to radioactive poisoning. Litvinenko said he was poisoned by Putin despite living thousands of miles away. The Daily Beast reports that even the men who are believed to have allegedly delivered the poison are known. Like Litvinenko’s obvious assassination by poisoning, Prigozhin’s death is believed to be an act of retaliation. A post on Telegram reads, “A short summary: the most combat-ready unit in the history of modern Russia was commanded by alcoholics and drug addicts who, being professional soldiers, did not know about the rules for handling hand grenades. “However, the people of Russia will forever remember them differently.” In 2018, Straight Cannabis and High Times reported that Tommy Chong said Donald Trump is “Putin’s Bitch.” This was a Twitter/X response to a tweet posted by Rep. Don Beyer. Putin is not only losing the war in the Ukraine, but also the War on Drugs. High Times reported that Russia has the highest number of heroin users per capita of anywhere in the world, according to a Brookings Institution review.  Over 2% of Russia’s entire population inject drugs. In 2020, a total of 18,013 people overdosed on illicit drugs and 7,366 died as a consequence, which is a 16% increase compared to 2019, a 2022 study found. Injection drug use also led to sky-high HIV rates in the country.  The suspicious deaths of Putin’s enemies aren’t’ helping the country’s image.

https://hightimes.com/

Study: Cannabis Use Associated With Lower Kidney Stone Risk in Male Users

Researchers in China recently looked at the relationship between kidney stone rates among male cannabis users versus those who do not consume cannabis and found that, indeed, that male cannabis users “were inversely associated with kidney stones.” The study was published in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology. Kidney stones have been documented in humans for thousands of years. Also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, they describe hard deposits made of minerals and salt that form in the kidneys and may pass through a person’s urinary tract. Passing a kidney stone can be incredibly painful, though stones typically cause no permanent damage so long as they are recognized in a timely fashion. For some, passing a kidney stone may entail pain medication and drinking plenty of water, though stones can also become lodged in the urinary tract, which may require surgery to remove. Kidney stones are more likely to develop in males than females, though a number of other risk factors are associated with developing kidney stones, such as genetics, dehydration, exercise habits, diet and digestive diseases, among others. To investigate the potential relationship between cannabis use and kidney stones, a team of Chinese researchers assessed a representative sample of more than 14,000 U.S. subjects between the ages of 20 and 59. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2018, with kidney stone and cannabis use data collected from self-report questionnaires. Researchers used multivariate logistic regression and multiple sensitivity analyses to examine the link between cannabis use and kidney stones. They also note that, to their knowledge, this was the first cross-sectional study to explore the association between cannabis use and kidney stone risk from this population-based dataset. “Our findings suggested that marijuana use was inversely associated with kidney stones in males,” authors state. “Furthermore, we found a regular marijuana use (

https://hightimes.com/

From the Archives: Racism & Reefer (1990)

Corporate greed isn’t the only factor which led to the prohibition of marijuana. As Jack Herer shows in this latest excerpt from The Emperor Wears No Clothes, racism, bigotry, and fear are also to blame. Since the abolition of slavery, racism and bigotry have generally had to manifest themselves in America in less blatant forms. Cannabis prohibition laws illustrate again this institutional intolerance of racial minorities and show how prejudice hides behind rhetoric and laws which seem to have an entirely different purpose. The first known smoking of female cannabis tops in the Western hemisphere was in the 1870s in the West Indies (Jamaica, the Bahamas, Barbados, etc.). Cannabis arrived with the immigration of thousands of Indian Hindus imported by the British for cheap labor. By 1886, the Mexicans and black sailors who traded in those islands picked up on and spread marijuana use throughout the West Indies and into Mexico. Marijuana smoking was generally used in the West Indies to ease the back-breaking work in the cane fields, to beat the heat, or to relax in the evenings without the threat of an alcohol hangover in the morning. Given this late 19th century area of usage—the Caribbean West Indies and Mexico—it is not surprising that the first recorded use of marijuana in the US was in the black dominated “Storeyville” section of New Orleans, Louisiana, frequented by sailors in 1909. New Orleans’ Storeyville was filled with cabarets, brothels, music, and all the other accoutrements of “red light” districts the world over. Sailors from the Islands took their shore leave and their marijuana there. The Public Safety Commissioner of New Orleans wrote that marijuana was the most frightening and vicious drug ever to hit New Orleans, and in 1910 warned that regular users might number as high as 200 in Storeyville alone. To the DA and Public Safety Commissioners and New Orleans newspapers in 1910 and throughout the 1930s, marijuana’s insidious evil influence apparently manifested itself in making the “darkies” think they were as good as “white men.” In fact, marijuana was being blamed for the first refusals of black entertainers to wear blackface* and for hysterical laughter by blacks under marijuana’s influence when told to cross a street or go to the back of the trolley, etc. *That’s right, your eyes have not deceived you. Because of a curious quirk in the “Jim Crow” laws, Black Americans were banned from any stage in the Deep South (and most other places in the North and West also). Negroes had to wear (through the 1920s) blackface, a dye which white entertainers wore to resemble or mimic black people—(like Al Jolson wore when he sang “Swanee”). Actually, by “Jim Crow” law, blacks were not allowed on the stage at all, but because of their talent were allowed to sneak/enter through back doors, put on blackface, and pretend to be a white person playing the part of a black person. Whites in New Orleans were also concerned that black musicians, rumored to smoke marijuana, were spreading a very powerful and popular new “voodoo” music that forced even decent white women to tap their feet and which was ultimately aimed at throwing off the yoke of the whites. Today we call that new music jazz! Jazz’s birthplace is generally recognized to be Storeyville, New Orleans, home of its original innovators: Buddy Bohler, Buck Johnson, and others. Storeyville was also the birthplace of Louis Armstrong (1900). For 15 years, American newspapers, politicians, and police had virtually no idea (until the 1920s, and then only rarely) that the marijuana the “darkies” and “Chicanos” were smoking in cigarettes or pipes was just a weaker version of the many familiar cannabis medicines they’d been taking since childhood or the weaker drug of local “white man’s” plush hashish parlors. White racists wrote articles and passed city and state laws without this knowledge for almost two decades, chiefly because of black/Mexican vicious “insolence”* under the effect of marijuana. *Vicious Insolence: Between 1884 and 1900, 3,500 documented deaths of Black Americans were caused by lynchings; between 1900 and 1917, over 1,100 were recorded. The real figures were undoubtedly higher. It is estimated that one third of these lynchings were for “insolence,” which might be anything: looking (or being accused of looking) at a white woman twice, stepping on a white man’s shadow, looking a white man directly in the eye for more than three seconds, not going to the back of a trolley, etc. It was obvious to whites that marijuana caused Negro and Mexican “viciousness” or they would not dare be insolent, etc….Hundreds of thousands of Negroes and Chicanos were sentenced to from one month to ten years, mostly on local and state chain gangs for such silly crimes as we have just listed. This was the nature of Jim Crow laws until the ’50s and ’60s; the laws that Martin Luther King, the NAACP, and others have finally begun ending in America. We can only imagine the immediate effect the black entertainers’ refusal to wear blackface had on the white establishment; seven years later, in 1917, Storeyville was completely shut down. No longer did the upright uptight white citizen have to worry about white women going to Storeyville to listen to “voodoo” jazz, or being raped by its marijuana-crazed “voodoo black adherents” who showed vicious disrespect (insolence) for whites and their “Jim Crow Laws” (American apartheid laws) by stepping on white men’s shadows and the like when they were high on marijuana. Black musicians then took their music and marijuana up the Mississippi to Memphis, Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago, etc., where the (white) city fathers, for the same racist reasons, soon passed local marijuana laws to stop “evil” music and keep white women from falling prey to blacks through jazz and marijuana. In 1915, California and Utah passed state laws outlawing marijuana for the same “Jim Crow” reasons—but directed through the Hearst papers at Chicanos. Colorado followed in 1917, its legislature citing excesses of Pancho Villa’s rebel army, whose drug of choice was supposed to have been marijuana. If that was true, then marijuana had helped to overthrow one of the most repressive and evil regimes Mexico ever suffered. The Colorado Legislature felt the only way to prevent an actual racist bloodbath and the overthrow of their ignorant and bigoted laws, attitudes, and institutions was to stop marijuana. Mexicans under marijuana’s influence were demanding humane treatment, looking at white women, asking that their children be educated while the parents harvested sugar beets, and other “insolent” demands. With the excuse of marijuana (Killer Weed), the whites could now use force and rationalize their violent acts of repression. This “reefer racism” continues to the present day. In 1937, Harry Anslinger told Congress that there were between 50,000 and 100,000 total marijuana smokers in the US, that most of them were “Negroes, Mexicans, and entertainers,” and that their music, jazz and swing, was an outgrowth of this marijuana use. He insisted this “satanic” music and the use of marijuana caused white women to “seek sexual relations with Negroes!” In 1911, South Africa began the outlawing of marijuana for the same reasons as New Orleans: to stop insolent blacks! And South Africa, along with Egypt, led the international fight (through the League of Nations) to have cannabis outlawed worldwide. In the same year, South Africa influenced Southern US legislators to outlaw marijuana, which black South Africans revered as dagga, their sacred herb. This is the whole racial basis of how our laws against marijuana arose. Twelve million years have been spent in jails, prisons, and on parole (so far) by Americans for this absurd racist and probably economic reasoning. Remember the outcry when former UN Ambassador Andrew Young told the world that the US had more political prisoners than any other nation? Isn’t it interesting that in 1985 the US incarcerated a larger percentage of it’s people than any country in the world except South Africa, and in 1989 the US surpassed South Africa and is now the world’s leading prison state? President Bush, in his great drug policy speech of September 5, 1989, promised to double the federal prison population again, after it had already been doubled under Reagan. Aren’t you proud? Read the full issue here.

https://hightimes.com/

Marc Rebillet Doesn’t Need To Practice To Make You Move That Ass

For over the past year, Marc Rebillet has been a beacon of light in a darkened pandemic world. Armed only with a beautifully eccentric persona and a small table of electronic music equipment, Marc’s live music streams and socially distanced drive-in shows helped captivate hearts, ears and genitals at a time when most people were in their greatest need of human connection. And now, he’s returning to the main stage. With sold out live shows booked throughout the United States this fall and an upcoming European tour kicking off in February 2022, Rebillet is pumped to deliver eargasms to a city near you. Prior to the end of a busy summer, we were able to snag some hang time via phone with the Loop Daddy himself, discussing everything from his music origins to mushroom trips, all an attempt to understand the man behind the MIDI of one of music’s most innovative and improvised forces. You started playing piano at the age of four. How were you introduced to music at such a young age? It was pretty much exclusively my parents who forced me to take lessons. They basically set me up with a bunch of different hobbies to see what I might be interested in, trying me out on piano, acting, team sports—soccer, tennis, golf—and I’m sure a number of other things. I really gravitated towards playing the piano, though I didn’t really enjoy the practicing element. It’s something my parents luckily forced me to do, so I stuck with it. Do you think those early years of not enjoying practicing influenced how you currently like to perform as a largely improvised show? Oh for sure. It’s something I have to be very honest with myself about because it’s also probably the reason why you’re not likely to see me be as crazy successful as perhaps I have the potential to be. I really don’t like doing a lot of work. Everything you’ve seen me do up to this point is really the result of only doing as much work as I have to to get things done. Beyond that, I would prefer to live my life—get stoned, go outside—any number of things that are part of a quality day-to-day existence, rather than grind, grind, grind, let’s go, let’s go hustle. I have some of that in me, I suppose, but only so much. One could say that’s just having balance, which it sounds like you prioritize. Having success living a balanced life creates a blueprint other people can follow. I’m sort of just doing my best to allow myself the opportunity to have a life that I’m used to. The life I was used to before all of [the success] happened. In terms of your success, was there an experience or a moment along the way that reaffirmed for you music was the path to pursue? That notion was tested many times for many, many years. It was only really validated once I was able to pay rent from making music. I had been trying to pursue music unsuccessfully for a decade while learning how to do it, so it was valuable time spent but was basically a decade dreaming while half-assedly developing a skill. In 2017, I lost my job at a call center and it was at that point I decided to see if I could sustain [myself through music], I gave myself two months, and I told myself if I could pay rent within two months, I’d keep going. If I couldn’t, I’d get another job. The company that let me go gave me a severance of two months pay—so I had a window—and if I couldn’t make it happen, then too bad. It was basically my last try. I ended up making it work and that’s the moment where it was like, “Oh shit. Maybe there’s something here.” [Laughs] Though it took a fucking long time for it to happen. But you could say everything had to happen the way it did in order for you to get to the current incarnation of yourself. I talk about this with my friends all the time. Things couldn’t have happened any other way because if they happened any other way, it would have been someone different. It would have been a totally different person. The things in your life, they have to happen the way they happen. You can fantasize about a different reality, but it wouldn’t have happened that way because it didn’t happen that way. We’re living in this current timeline. Over your two-month window, was there anything different about your approach to music from what you’d done previously? The thing that I did differently was actually try. Really, it’s almost that simple. I just tried. The 10 years I spent sort of trying in a not-so-serious way, music was on the back burner. The hard reality of this shit is if it’s not your principal and only focus, it will never, ever happen. It’s like statistics. There are a million people who have talent and are trying to make music full-time and 99 percent of those people are not going to make it. So to think that you have a shot in hell at doing some sort of creative job like this but you’re also doing something else, it’s a pipedream. It’s not going to happen. It took a long time for me to learn that lesson. But what an incredible lesson to learn. Definitely. I’m very glad I did. It just comes on the heels of years and years of kidding myself and being existentially disappointed in myself for not being able to make something happen. You also have to realize that there’s an element of luck in there, and I got lucky that everything eventually worked out. How was the element of luck influenced by people sharing your stuff on the internet? I had sort of been putting my shit out all over the place, but it really took off after I’d been playing shows in Dallas for a year, from the end of 2017 to the end of 2018. Afterward, I moved back to New York to try and step things up, and within about two months of moving back here, something happened on Facebook and people started really aggressively sharing my shit in a way that they’d never done before. I used to get 20,000 to 30,000 views on my videos, but within a week it was 10 million to 15 million. The figure shot up quite dramatically, and with that, came a ton of booking requests that I didn’t really know how to handle. A small booking agency—the first I’d ever signed with—took me on and tried to help me wrangle things into a tour. To our amazement, the tickets sold out immediately and everything picked right the fuck up from there. What do you think the “X” factor was that helped propel the growth? I really have no idea. These were videos that had been up on my page for at least a few months. While I don’t know what caused it, I can tell you it was like a chain reaction. Three or four of these videos just exploded. Thank you, Facebook, for the algorithm or whatever. I don’t know. Everyone fucking hates Zuck[erberg], but I owe him a lot. Maybe hook him up with some live backstage passes. [Laughs] I don’t know if he’s much of a live music guy. I think he’s more of a robot. When your first booking agency came on board, did they try to alter the style of your performances? The big thing I had to fight for a little bit was the notion of the entire show being improvised. All the venues I’d performed in in Dallas were free—where the bar would pay me out—so at that point, I’d never played hard ticket shows before. As I transitioned to paid venues, it was actually my new agents—the ones I’m still with at UTA, who I love deeply and endlessly and who have upped my game at least a thousand times—who in the beginning said, “Look, we know you’ve been doing the entire show improvised and we know that it’s part of the act, but as you start playing these larger venues, you may want to structure things a little bit. Do songs that you’ve already practiced and performed, and then maybe in between, you can have improvised bits.” I was just like, “Guys, I hear you, it’s an interesting idea, but the show is improvised. I don’t really want to do it if it’s not, because that means I’ll have to practice.” They ended up taking a leap of faith with me and it ended up working out. While I’m now playing 2,000 to 3,000 cap venues, I’m still, to this day, just walking up there with my little table and making shit up for an hour. That must be so creatively fulfilling. When it’s a good night creatively, it really is. It’s incredibly fulfilling. What’s the difference between a creatively fulfilling night and a… Not so good night? It’s really just a personal thing. The truth is, what I feel is a bad night could actually have been a really good night. You may hear this from other people who do similar stuff, but you really can’t trust your own evaluation of how your own show went. It’s just not an accurate barometer. I’ve learned from playing hundreds of shows now that if I feel a show didn’t go well, it really does not mean the show didn’t go well. It very well could have been a good show. A perfect example is a show I performed in Amsterdam at this incredible venue, Paradiso. Afterward, I thought I’d played a lackluster set and wasn’t thrilled, even though my tour manager said it was great and a few people backstage said it was great. I wasn’t convinced. At the time, I was filming all of my shows with a GoPro camera to put out content while on the road, and afterward I watched the footage and was like, “Holy shit, this is a fucking great show.” Front to back it was fantastic, so I uploaded the entire hour. That full, uncut hour is now my most-watched live show, but my initial rating of that night was completely different. I’m very lucky to be able to play these kinds of shows where I’m allowed to just do what I want, how I want. It’s very different from a traditional live show of any kind. With other live shows, there’s almost always rehearsals for some component of the show, and I’ve never performed a rehearsal in my life. It’s really a fucking gift, man. Speaking of gifts, what role does the gift of cannabis play in your life? I’ve been smoking since I was 15 or 16 and have done so pretty steadily for most of the time that I’ve been alive since. At the very least, I’ll smoke weekly, and at the very most, many times daily. I’ve settled in somewhere in between where I’ll probably have weed—in some way—once a day. Whether it’s smoking it or eating it, I love both. Weed also played a massive, massive role in the way it allowed me to appreciate music at the end of my adolescence and young adulthood. It helped bring new shape and perspective to songs, albums and pieces of art that I hadn’t yet considered in that way. I love cannabis, it’s a wonderful plant and a wonderful drug. I just love the shit out of weed. Expand a little more on how weed has helped bring you a different perspective when it comes to art. It’s an alteration in sensory experience. It’s a mild form of tripping, I suppose, but something much more manageable and less all-encompassing and time consuming than tripping. It helps you put your brain in a different place for a little bit and I love creating in that way. Recently, I’ve experimented with occasionally getting stoned during my live streams when I’m having a hard time coming up with ideas or I’m not really feeling the flow. I’ll go off camera, take a hit, and see what happens. It usually works out nicely, but I generally prefer to create sober or with a drink or two because I need my faculties. Good stuff has come out of both, but I generally tend to perform while not high because I’ll create really quickly and efficiently. When I’m stoned, I tend to want to experiment a little bit more and take my time, which can yield cool results but—as a show—it needs to be a little tighter. You mentioned tripping. Have you ever dabbled with psychedelics? I’ve tripped mushrooms many times, though I haven’t in a long time because the last time I tripped was a bit of a disaster. Instead of eating an eighth, I ate seven grams. I convulsed and when I woke up, my friends were all around me and I was just tripping my shit. I went downstairs and encountered this emotional separation, where I could hear everyone upstairs talking while I was throwing up, looking at myself in the mirror thinking I couldn’t go back upstairs. We all managed to get together and order some food and sent our friend to pick it up. He left on a bicycle, and because we were all tripping balls, we thought we’d killed our friend. Suddenly, he comes around the corner with a bag of sandwiches, which got us all excited and totally turned the trip around. It ended up being a great finale I suppose, but the trip itself was so upsetting. When you’re tripping, you really have to give in to the thing, you just have to surrender to it. If you try to analyze your trip or start feeling anxious, it’s really not fun. All of my other experiences with shrooms have been incredibly positive, certainly life altering and life changing, but not in any sort of crazy, holy way. More in that it’s really cool to experience senses, visions, feelings and emotions in a way that is very, very different, elevated and shifted from our day to day. The experience we have every day is—by and large—a predictable one: We’ll wake up, we’ll be hungry, we’ll go to the bathroom, we’ll go to sleep. We know these feelings, but [with shrooms] something really changes everything about that for about eight hours. Was there any other experience that you look back on that perhaps was more positive? I have a really awful recall of details and stories. It’s something about me that sucks. I have a really difficult time recalling and recounting a lot of things and days and events that have happened to me, but I do remember how they made me feel. A pivotal experience was when I was starting to really smoke weed and get really high for the first time. I had a friend Lauren who lived in the same building as my parents and who would pick me up and take me to school. She was this beautiful dancer, super cool, and had access to weed, which I did not. For months and months we would get stoned in her yellow Jeep Wrangler and listen to music on top of the parking garage of our building. The view looked out onto this large expanse of treeline in the middle of downtown Dallas that looks like an ocean of trees. It’s a really unique view down there and we would just get incredibly stoned and have these thoughtful, high conversations. I guess it informs a lot of the way I try to enjoy life now: Taking big, deep breaths and just appreciating the simple beauty of existence. Follow @marcrebillet and check out www.marcrebillet.com/or tickets and tour dates. This article was originally published in the September 2021 issue of High Times Magazine.

https://hightimes.com/

Professional Association Recognizes Cannabis Nursing as a Specialty Practice

The American Nurses Association (ANA) announced last week that it now formally recognizes cannabis nursing as a specialty practice. The professional association, which represents the interests of the more than 5 million nurses in the nation, also noted that cannabis nursing is identified by the American Cannabis Nurses Association (ACNA) as a specialty nursing practice focused on the health care of consumers seeking education and guidance in the therapeutic use of cannabis. “ANA is pleased to officially recognize cannabis nursing practice as a nursing specialty,” ANA President Jennifer Mensik Kennedy, PhD, MBA, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN said in a September 27 statement from the organization. “This recognition highlights the essential role and special contribution of cannabis nurses to the health care system and promotes enhanced integration of cannabis therapies for health care consumers across diverse health care settings.” The mission of the ACNA is to advance the field of cannabis nursing through advocacy, collaboration, education, research and policy development. The professional association, which was first formally registered as a nonprofit organization in 2010, also works to contribute to the broader areas of nursing practice and patient care. “We are deeply gratified by the groundbreaking establishment of cannabis nursing as an ANA-recognized nursing specialty. Nurses are the largest group of health professionals, providing an opportunity to change the health care paradigm and include diverse wellness modalities beyond traditional Western medicine,” said ACNA President Rachel Parmelee MSN, RN, CNE, AHN-BC. “Cannabis nursing requires specialized knowledge and competencies to navigate care and address the stigma associated with medical cannabis use to support a healthy society. We seek to create lasting, transformative change that enriches both specialized and general nursing practices, ultimately serving the well-being of patients nationwide.” The ANA has supported providing safe access to therapeutic marijuana and related cannabinoids for over 20 years. The association is the sole reviewing body of specialty nursing scope of practice and standards of practice, requests for specialty recognition, and affirmation of focused practice competencies. In 2021, the ANA issued an official policy statement affirming that cannabis and cannabis derivatives are used to alleviate disease symptoms and side effects. The position statement called for a scientific review of marijuana’s status as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act and suggested that cannabis instead be listed as a Schedule II drug, which would facilitate research into the medical benefits of cannabis. The ANA’s policy statement also called for the development of prescribing standards including “indications for use, specific dose, route, expected effect and possible side effects, as well as indications for stopping a medication” and evidenced-based standards for the medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids. Additionally, the position statement called for legal protection from criminal or civil penalties for patients who use cannabis and cannabinoids medicinally. Similarly, the statement called for protection from prosecution or civil penalties, as well as freedom from professional sanctions such as the loss of licensing or credentials for healthcare practitioners who discuss treatment alternatives concerning marijuana or who prescribe, dispense or administer marijuana in accordance with professional standards and state laws. The ANA announcement comes as the benefits of cannabis become more well known among patients and more professionals gain knowledge of the subject. In September, Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington began offering two cannabis certificate programs including one focusing on cannabis and health care. “The reason we went into this is because there is an educational gap. We see ourselves as an institution that is here to provide education,” Rachelle Strawther, director of Gonzaga’s Center for Lifelong Learning told the Inlander. “We’re trying to help reduce the stigma surrounding cannabis because people need to have good information to make decisions for themselves.”

https://hightimes.com/

Entourage Effect, Not THC, Main Indicator of Potency, Brainwave Study Confirms

While consumers are getting smarter about cannabis selection in general, a new study—based on brainwaves—confirms that the entourage effect is the determining factor of potency, not the delta-9 THC percentage, as many still believe.  According to an Oct 3. announcement, new study by researchers associated with Zentrela, and in collaboration with PAX, found that the entourage effect of multiple cannabinoids and terpenes caused twice the psychoactive effects than products only high in delta-9 THC. The study was conducted by Upmanyu Sharma, Israel Gasperin Haaz, Dr. Dan Bosnyak, Ricardo Zelidon, Dr. David Faulkner, and Dr. Echo Rufer to help define the cannabis experience. How is it possible to confidently measure psychoactive effects? Haaz, who is also founder of Zentrela, and others published peer-reviewed analysis in the March 2022 issue of Neurology and Therapy on a novel way to measure psychoactive effects using electroencephalogram (EEG) data to translate into psychoactive effect levels (PEL).  The research team with Zentrela theorized that the combined synergy of many cannabinoids and terpenes are the real indicator of potency versus THC alone—and EEG technology is the key to proving it. Professors “Father of Cannabis Science” Raphael Mechoulam, who passed away last March, and Shimon Ben-Shabat, coined the term “entourage effect” in 1998 because it was immediately apparent that multiple compounds in the cannabis plant are needed for the best effects. It would take time to learn more about how these compounds interact. Researchers turned to EEG data, in which sensors measure brainwave activity. The study used EEG-based analysis for quantifying the psychoactive effects, including onset time and maximum strength. Study participants consumed PAX’s Live Rosin with Natural Diamonds and High Purity THC Cannabis Products. Live Rosin preserves the original terpene profile and cannabinoids of the plant—something that would’ve been destroyed in other concentrates. Researchers observed 28 participants who vaped the concentrates with a PAX Era Pro device. They each took two hits, or 8 mg, of either the full-spectrum or pure THC concentrates from a vape manufactured by PAX, which was followed by brainwave analysis provided by Zentrela. This study compared results after participants vaped PAX Live Rosin with Natural Diamonds in Blue Dream with average 85 percent THC, or PAX High Purity THC in Berry Gelato, a distillate oil product with 82-85 percent potency—with very different results despite having similar delta-9 THC potencies.  “Key findings suggest that whole plant, full spectrum products can produce a statistically significant faster onset and more than double the psychoactive experience than distillate products with comparable Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potencies due to the ‘entourage effect,’ or presence of additional whole plant compounds like phytocannabinoids and terpenes,” the announcement reads. “Consumers looking for psychoactive effects typically shop for cannabis products based on THC, which is a bit of a fallacy,” said Brian Witlin, VP of Product Development at PAX. “In the spirit of continuing to advance cannabis research and understanding of the plant—which has been far too limited for much too long—we wanted to demonstrate through scientific study how full spectrum products with the full range of terpenes and cannabinoids have a more profound impact on the onset and ultimate cannabis experience. We hope this type of insight helps consumers understand that shopping for products based on THC% alone is not the leading indicator of expected experience.” Zentrela’s non-invasive portable EEG device recorded data from eight brain regions—before and after vaping. Cognalyzer® AI-based EEG analysis uses machine learning on large EEG datasets to detect specific brainwave changes and was employed to convert EEG data into psychoactive effect levels (PEL) on a standardized scale. The participants were measured to determine their baseline with the EEG device before vaping. The first study group reached a 39% PEL based on the Cognalyzer® brainwave scale at minute 15, post product inhalation. The maximum PEL of the second study group was 19% PEL and it also happened at minute 15, post product intake. This makes the difference in the highest point of the PEL among the two study groups at the 15-minute mark at 20%. Statistical analysis was conducted to validate with “90% level of confidence” this notably distinct difference between the two study groups. “Our mission at Zentrela,” said company founder and CEO Israel Gasperin, “is to help consumers better understand the experiences that cannabis products create. PAX is a great partner because we share a dedication to innovation and a commitment to use the most advanced scientific research techniques to expand our understanding of cannabis effects.” Zentrela is an independent research organization that utilizes novel non-invasive neurotechnology to accurately and objectively quantify and classify the effects cannabis products create for consumers. You can read the study in full, which is published on Zentrela’s website.

https://hightimes.com/

Portland, Maine ‘Deprioritizes’ Prosecution for Psilocybin

The city council in Portland, Maine “voted 6-3 to pass a resolution deprioritizing prosecution for possession” of magic mushrooms and other psychedelic drugs, according to local news outlet News Center Maine, and NBC affiliate. The outlet noted that the resolution does not decriminalize such psychedelics, as has been reported elsewhere. Instead, it “sets official city policy to put those crimes at the lowest priority for prosecution,” News Center Maine reported. The outlet reported: “When reached for comment Wednesday, Maeghan Maloney, district attorney for Kennebec and Somerset Counties and president of the Maine Prosecutors Association, wanted to warn Mainers not to get a false sense of security if they chose to use psychedelics in Portland moving forward.” “If someone interprets that [resolution] to mean… this criminal statute will no longer be enforced, that would be a wrong interpretation,” Maloney said, as quoted by News Center Maine. Decriminalize Maine interim director Aaron Parker said that the resolution was a good foundation for broader reform. “If we already have at least some element of the city government saying, ‘OK, we don’t want to waste our time and resources criminalizing people for these things,’ it makes it that much easier to, next time, be like, ‘Alright,’ and we’re gonna re-write the ordinances,” Parker told the outlet.  Decriminazlie Maine, which describes itself as a “grassroots organization that promotes the decriminalization of cultivation, possession, and adult use of plant and fungal medicines,” was one of the groups that championed the resolution.  “In our work, we recognize the importance of practices rooted in decolonization, sustainability, and intentional community building, consciousness expansion, and transformative justice. Decriminalize Maine cultivates community through educational opportunities on decriminalization and risk reduction; in this work, we enthusiastically partner with complementary organizations. Additionally, we support, encourage, and disseminate professional and academic research. Our work relies on the financial support from foundations and from the community,” the organization says on its website. On Monday, the group celebrated the resolution’s passage on its Instagram account, but also noted that it is essentially a good starting point. “The city council wants to treat drugs as a public health issue (good), but it’s only an opinion. Ending the war on drugs and using the savings to offer voluntary support to drug users is a policy that is supported by lots of bits of evidence and the success of national adoption in Portugal (the country),” the organization said in the Instagram post. “Hopefully this statement by the council can be used by advocates of harm reduction (or risk reduction if you prefer that term) to leverage support for such things as safe consumption sites, permanent supportive housing and maybe even a safe supply program.” Parker said that it will ultimately be up to the Maine state legislature to decriminalize psilocybin. “The resolution I don’t think really adequately decriminalizes anything in Portland. While we do want to protect people from potential criminal penalties, we are also looking to reduce the stigma around these substances which is an important part of harm reduction for this type of material,” he told Maine Public Radio. According to Maine Public Radio, state lawmakers will “will debate a similar bill in January which would decriminalize psychedelic plants and fungi as well as create a regulated framework for legalization.” A bill to decriminalize and regulate psilocybin in the state was introduced in the Maine legislature earlier this year, but was tabled. Lawmakers there held a hearing in May, when they heard testimony in support of the legislation. Spectrum News reported on the hearing at the time, highlighting testimony from Army veteran Nicolas Hamlin. “I stand before you today as living proof of the healing ability psilocybin has to offer and plead for the approval of [the bill],” he told the Veterans and Legal Affairs Committee, as quoted by Spectrum News. “This has helped me and many others maintain productive lifestyles,” he added. “I wish that psilocybin as a treatment option be available to those that will benefit from it.” Spectrum had more details on Hamlin’s testimony and the proposed legislation: “A Portland native, [Hamlin] joined the military in 2000 and completed multiple deployments to the Middle East. After his service ended, he suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and ‘my own demons’…Hamlin was one of many people who testified Monday in support of the bill, which would direct the Maine Department of Health and Human Services to create regulations that would allow physicians to recommend its use at designated facilities for those who are 21 and older.” The bill’s sponsor, Democratic state Sen. Donna Bailey, modeled the proposal “on laws in Colorado and Oregon, where the substance has been legalized,” according to Spectrum.

https://hightimes.com/

Cannabeginners: The Family Cannabaceae

Despite having a small size, the Cannabaceae family has had an outsize impact on human history. Between the many uses for cannabis and hemp, the importance of hops in beer brewing, and the food provided by hackberry trees, these diverse plants have long been a boon to humanity.  In scientific taxonomy, there are eight levels of classification in the hierarchy. From lowest to highest, those taxonomic classifications are: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. Species, like Cannabis sativa, will be lumped into a genus, which is also Cannabis in the case of marijuana, which are then further combined into families of related plants or animals. I know things might get confusing with a species and genus having the same name, so if you see something Capitalized, know that is the genus name. Cannabaceae, also widely known as the hemp family, is a relatively small family of flowering plants, including about 170 species (in 11 genera). While cannabis and hemp are what the family is named for, the largest genus in the family is Celtis, which contains around 100 species. Hops (Humulus) is another notable genus in the Cannabaceae family, which is well known to anyone who likes IPA beers. Humanity has a very long history of using cannabis, over 2,500 years, and has used the common hop (Humulus lupulus) as a bittering agent and preservative in beer for hundreds of years. Genera in the Cannabaceae family are physically diverse, including actual trees (Celtis), metaphorical trees (Cannabis), and vines (Humulus). Despite plants looking quite different, one somewhat common trait among members of the hemp family is that plants are often dioecious, having both male and female plants. Cannabaceae plants also tend to have petalless flowers which are pollinated by wind, not bees or other insects.  It should come as no surprise to anyone who is a fan of Lagunitas brewery, that they have one of the better articles online discussing the genetic links between cannabis and hops. To sum it up, cannabis and hops are very closely related. How close? Not quite brother and sister close, but like cousins. Lagunitas lays out the history, clearly establishing that cannabis came first, long before hops, which tracks with the known history of human use (we have been using cannabis for nearly 2,000 years longer than hops). While hops doesn’t have cannabinoids, it does share numerous terpenes with cannabis, most notably myrcene and humulene. Beyond just terpenes, another connection between cannabis and hops are esters. Research has shown that “Fruity smelling esters play an important role for the aroma of hops and beer and they have been characterized as key aroma compounds in different hop varieties.” While a genetic connection between cannabis and hops was long suspected, it was confirmed about a decade ago. Out of all the plants in Cannabaceae, hops and cannabis are the most alike. Beyond the basics, like a shared method of pollination, both have “resinous glands which contain their active compounds. Hops plants are known for their lupulin glands, and cannabis plants are known for their trichomes.” Given these similarities, it should come as no surprise that there are recipes for cannabis beers online. Medicinal Genomics (MG), a world leader in medicinal plant genomics, notes that Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd, also commonly seen as HpLV and HpLVd) occurs worldwide in hops plants but recently it made the jump to infect cannabis plants as well. According to MG, “HLVd is a single-stranded, circular, infectious RNA. Similar to viruses, viroids are completely dependent on their host plant’s metabolism for replication. However, unlike viruses, viroids do not have a protective layer, such as a protein coat.” Kevin McKernan, is the CSO and Founder of MG, and recently completed his own study on HLVd, where they tried to intentionally infect various cultivars with it. In their study, McKernan found that the cultivar Jamaican Lion appeared to have some tolerance and was able to keep the viroid confined to its roots and was otherwise asymptomatic. Currently, it is not known if it was just the particular Jamaican Lion plants in their study with this tolerance, or if it is common to all Jamaican Lion plants. This study gives hope that there could be more cultivars with some tolerance or resistance to HLVd, or at the least, that resistance can be crossbred into other cultivars. An interesting variable they found to be connected to this resistance to HLVd was increased anthocyanin production, offering a potential clue as to where that tolerance came from.  Dark Heart Industries (DHI), is a major cannabis nursery and genetics company in California. DHI conducted HLVd testing for more than 100 growers across California between August 2018 and July 2021. Their findings shocked the industry, reporting “more than 33% of the tests from almost 90% of the cultivation sites were positive for HLVd [which supports projections] that Hop Latent Viroid affects more than 30% of all cannabis plants.” DHI pegged the annual economic losses from HLVd at around $4 billion for 2021. Dr. Bryce Falk, Professor Emeritus at UC Davis’s plant pathology department, has called HLVd “perhaps the greatest threat to the legal cannabis industry.” The big risk with HpLVd isn’t to consumers, this isn’t a viroid that can be passed on to people who consume the bud, it is a viroid that attacks the plants themselves and stunts their growth, a process known as “dudding.” MG’s research on Jamaican Lion holds the promise that, in time, we could have a solution to the economic blight of dudding.  Despite many growers claiming to grow trees, and some cannabis plants being well over ten feet tall, with reports of some topping twenty, the only actual trees in the hemp family are in the genus Celtis (hackberry trees), some can grow up to 90 ft tall. As Celtis is by far the most prevalent genus in Cannabaceae, some sources refer to it as the hackberry, rather than the hemp family, but they are incorrect as Celtis is a recent addition to the already established Cannabaceae family (previously it was a member of the Elm family).  While every species in Celtis is unique, the leaves of the common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) are some of the first to yellow in the fall, usually in late September. Many species of hackberries produce small black drupes, the berry in the name “hackberry.” Those berries were used as food by native american tribes and are still used as food by dozens of species of birds and mammals. One thing that makes the common hackberry truly unique among members of Cannabaceae is that, while there are no Cannabis plants native to North America, hackberry trees are, which is a bit of a paradox since hackberry trees evolved from cannabis and hops. Presently, there is no sign of HLVd infecting any species in Celtis. The diverse Cannabaceae family is clear proof that just because two plants are related, they may not look or act anything alike.

https://hightimes.com/

Legalizing Hemp Changed Everything

We all have those conversations that stick with us throughout the years. I’ve been friends with Jimi Devine for almost a decade now, and while you’ll mostly see us laughing together while puffing on a blunt, I remember one time in 2018 when we disagreed about a piece of cannabis policy. Since I have this platform to voice a weedy opinion, I figure why not do the most petty thing possible and tell Jimi why he was wrong all these years later? Can you hear me laughing aloud in this otherwise quiet room? I can.  Our argument centered on the 2018 Farm Bill, which legalized hemp in America. At the time, I thought the news was earth-shattering and would forever change the face of cannabis as we knew it. Jimi disagreed, and while I don’t remember his exact talking points against me (isn’t that the beauty of me writing this instead of him?), I’m here in 2023 to say I was absolutely correct.  The reason legalizing hemp was able to change so much about how we think of cannabis was that it established how we define hemp. While hemp and cannabis are the same plant, the Farm Bill used a conservative threshold, 0.3% THC, to separate hemp plants from cannabis plants. Plants with less than 0.3 % THC are legal hemp; above that line, the same plants become defined as federally illegal cannabis plants.  The cannabinoid THC is only one of many chemical elements that make up the cannabis plant. Because hemp was made legal and was only defined by its composition of THC, the 2018 Farm Bill brought about a frenzy of development surrounding another cannabinoid, CBD.  The CBD rush went way too far (I swear I received a pitch for CBD blue jeans and heard a CBD ad on the radio in the same tone and cadence of a Monster Truck rally), and although it’s peaked, it will never be completely done. The idea that you can receive some of the medicinal benefits of cannabis without the “high” associated with THC is very enticing to many people.  Don’t get me wrong, CBD has many medical promises. When I last spoke with Raphael Mechoulam, the Israeli chemist who first identified THC, he told me he was looking into CBD’s ability to affect bone density for conditions such as osteoarthritis. Mechoulam pioneered cannabis research and believed that understanding the active compounds in cannabis and how they relate to an endogenous system we all have, the endocannabinoid system, would someday have great significance in modern medicine. I absolutely agree with this, but I also think adding CBD oil to fried tater-tots—a dish I once saw on the menu in Austin, Texas—isn’t the “healthy” choice it’s made out to be. One of the things Mecholam was also a proponent of was the entourage effect. According to another noted cannabis scientist, Ethan Russo, the entourage effect suggests that “one molecule is unlikely to match the therapeutic and even industrial potential of Cannabis itself as a phytochemical factory.” That means that the medicinal benefits of cannabis work best when the chemicals in the plant work together rather than in isolation. Another nuance in the discussion of CBD’s medical benefits is that the CBD industry is unregulated, meaning a product that says it has 10 mg of CBD might not even have any CBD. A 2022 study showed that nearly half the CBD products researchers studied were mislabeled.  While we usually just say THC, the cannabinoid that gets us high is more specifically delta-9 THC. The 2018 Farm Bill said plants would be defined as hemp if they had less than .03% of delta-9 THC. This led to another loophole to develop alternative cannabinoids, including a chemical analog of delta-9 THC, delta-8 THC.  Delta-8 THC products are now available all over the county. I say products because while delta-8 is produced naturally in the cannabis plant, it’s only in small amounts. Products containing delta-8 are created through a chemical conversion of CBD.   According to The New York Times, Google searches for delta-8 grew by more than 850% in the United States between 2020 and 2021.  Research on delta-8 THC is scarce, but a 1973 study shows that delta-8 THC is about two-thirds as potent as delta-9 THC and has similar effects.  Synthetic cannabinoids, such as THC-O, are also experiencing a boom due to the definition of hemp in the 2018 Farm Bill. The cannabis plant does not naturally produce these cannabinoids, and these are the products that draw the most concern regarding potential adverse health effects. In 2022, the California Cannabis Industry Association published a white paper examining “the dangers of a national, unregulated, hemp-derived intoxicating cannabinoid market.”  “You have cannabinoids that are organically produced by the plant. They just might be concentrated in the extraction, like THCV is a good example of that,” one of the report’s authors, Tiffany Devitt, explains. “And you have cannabinoids that go through a little bit of processing like delta-8, which typically takes CBD, concentrates it, and then takes it through a process of using solvents and catalysts to change it. And then you have what I consider to be fully synthesized cannabinoids, which either don’t occur in the natural plant, like THC-O, or occur in the plant in such minute quantities that there’s not really evidence—toxicological evidence—that they are safe because no one has been ingesting them in meaningful quantities.” Cannabinoids interact with receptors, CB1 and CB2, within our bodies. Delta-9 THC is a partial agonist, which means it can only stimulate or block the receptors so much. Devitt is concerned about the potential adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids because they are agonists.  “You can think of those cannabinoids, it’s kind of like the dimmer switch, and if it’s only partial, no matter how much you take, there’s only so far that you’re going to be able to stimulate or block that receptor,” Devitt explains. “The difference between a partial agonist and an agonist is a dimmer switch that turns it up a little bit brighter or a little bit darker versus making it blindly bright or pitch black.” While THCP is a cannabinoid found in small amounts in the plant, so it is not technically synthetic, it is an agonist that researchers report is 33 times stronger than delta-9 THC.  The newest development in playing the “it’s legal hemp” game is THCA. THCA is the acidic precursor of THC. For THC to become “activated” it needs to be heated, which in cannabis means either smoking it or baking it for edibles.  When hemp was legalized, it opened the cannabis seed market because seeds don’t contain delta-9 THC. Cannabis flowers also don’t contain delta-9 THC. They have THCA, which isn’t converted into THC unless it’s heated through decarboxylation. Eating a raw cannabis bud won’t get you high. If you juice cannabis buds and leaves you’ll get THCA, which has shown health benefits in terms of anti-inflammatory effects but is not psychoactive.  The hemp regulatory loophole game now includes flowers labeled as THCA, and the flowers are THCA. All the weed you’ve ever smoked was composed of the cannabinoid THCA before you lit up your joint or bowl.  There has yet to be a crackdown on THCA flowers available in states that do not yet have a legal framework for cannabis, but that might be coming. There have been discussions to refine the definition of hemp in America. If that doesn’t happen, the legalization of hemp also legalized all cannabis, and I think that’s a pretty big deal. 

FAQ: How to use this hemp news hub

What topics does Chow420’s hemp news cover?

We aggregate and surface reputable coverage on hemp laws and enforcement, THC thresholds and policy proposals, cannabinoid products (CBD/Delta-8/hemp-derived THC), compliance, lab testing, recalls, and broader industry news.

Is this legal advice?

No. This page is for news and education. Hemp rules can change quickly and vary by state—always verify against the latest official guidance and consult qualified counsel for compliance decisions.

How do I evaluate hemp product safety claims?

Look for current third‑party COAs (Certificates of Analysis), clear ingredient labeling, and transparent sourcing. Be cautious with vague potency claims or missing lab reports.

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These products often sit at the center of policy and enforcement changes. We track major updates so shoppers and brands can understand evolving requirements and market impacts.

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