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Hemp News, Laws & Product Updates

A curated news hub focused on hemp regulation and policy changes, cannabinoids (CBD/Delta-8/Delta-9/hemp-derived THC), lab testing and COAs, product safety, brands, and industry trends.

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https://hightimes.com/

New Study Reveals THC Potency Inflation in Colorado Weed

A majority of cannabis flower products purchased at licensed retail pot shops in Colorado contained less THC than indicated on the label, according to a study performed by a researcher at the University of Colorado Boulder. The study showed that THC levels indicated on the label of approximately 70% of products tested were at least 15% higher than those reported by a third-party lab after purchase. The research was conducted by Anna Schwabe, an associate lecture professor of modern cannabis science at the University of Colorado Boulder. To complete the study, Scwabe collected 23 cannabis flower samples from 10 licensed dispensaries located across the northern Colorado Front Range, which includes the cities of Denver, Fort Collins and Garden City.  The samples represented 12 different cannabis strains including sativas, indicas and hybrids, with different THC potency levels reported on the product packaging. Some THC potency levels were reported as a range from 12.8%-19.3% on the lower end and 28.07%-31.28% on the higher limit, while others were reported as a single value such as 16.4% or 17.4%. After the samples were collected, they were sent to an independent laboratory for analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which separates, identifies and quantifies the different chemical compounds contained in a mixture. HPLC is the most commonly used method in cannabis testing to determine cannabis potency and detect contaminants, making it an important tool to ensure consumers that products have been tested for safety, purity and potency. A comparison of lab testing results revealed that approximately 70% of the samples had reported THC levels that were at least 15% higher than the levels determined by the independent laboratory. “Among the 23 flower samples analyzed, 18 displayed lower THC levels than reported – with 16 falling below 15% of the stated value, 13 falling below 30% of the reported THC and three samples falling below half of the reported THC,” Schwabe wrote in a report about the research published by nonprofit news source The Conversation Four of the samples were within the range indicated on the label, while only one product contained more THC than the potency level reported on the packaging.  Schwabe noted that the lower THC values determined through independent lab testing were not due to degradation, adding that THC can degrade to the cannabinoid CBN (cannabinol) over time. However, CBN was not detected in measurable amounts in the samples, and additional testing showed that THC levels were stable over time. The research also revealed a significant increase in cannabis potency over the last 15 years, a period that includes the 2014 legalization of recreational cannabis in Colorado. “THC levels averaged 9.75% back in 2009, based on testing of DEA-seized cannabis flower. Today, levels reportedly surpass 35%, though they’re not as common as consumers have been led to believe,” Schwabe wrote in her report. “DEA-seized cannabis flower averaged 13.88% in 2019, which is closer to my observed mean of 14.98% than the reported mean of my samples, which was 20.27%-24.10%.” The research did not determine who is responsible for the misinformation found in reported cannabis potency levels. Cannabis cultivators or dispensaries could be selecting the best flowers to submit for laboratory testing. Although regulations require tests to be performed on a random sample of a batch of cannabis flowers, oversight to enforce the guidelines is lacking. The inaccuracy in cannabis potency labeling could also be the result of fraud. Cannabis testing labs could be manipulating the testing process or doctoring the numbers indicated on certificates of analysis to ensure repeat business or gain new clients, the author of the study noted. Schwabe noted that accurate lab testing of cannabis potency is important for medical marijuana patients who may want to carefully control their dose of THC. Proper potency testing is also significant for consumers who purchase recreational weed because companies can charge higher prices for cannabis with high levels of THC. Schwabe, who is also a board member for the nonprofit Agricultural Genomics Foundation, said that the cannabis industry should focus on educating “consumers on how to make more informed choices by looking beyond mere THC percentages.”  “People generally do not shop for wine or beer based on alcohol content,” the researcher wrote. “Instead of focusing on THC content, a novice cannabis consumer might consider brands that are reputable or strains that have an aroma or flavor profile they enjoy. Eventually, they may move on to find a favorite breeder or grower, or a trusted dispensary that employs a knowledgeable budtender.”

https://hightimes.com/

Diddy’s Homes Raided by Homeland Security as Feds Close in on Alleged Human Trafficking Crimes

Monday was not a good day for billionaire Sean “Diddy” Combs—once one of the most highly respected producers in hip-hop and one of the most successful Black entrepreneurs to enter the game—as feds from multiple agencies raided two of his homes in Los Angeles and Miami.  Two of Diddy’s homes were raided as part of a federal investigation led by the Southern District of New York into alleged human trafficking. Homeland Security officers from at least three locations took part in the raid, as well as other law enforcement members. “Earlier today, Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) New York executed law enforcement actions as part of an ongoing investigation, with assistance from HSI Los Angeles, HSI Miami, and our local law enforcement partners,” the spokesperson said. “We will provide further information as it becomes available.” Diddy’s lavish $40 million dollar home in Holmby Hills in Los Angeles was raided. Aerial footage from KTLA in Los Angeles showed multiple SWAT vehicles descending on his house. It boasts 17,000 square feet and has a 3,000 square-foot guesthouse, and Los Angeles Times reported that it has a theater, a gym, a wine room, and an underwater swimming tunnel connecting to an underground grotto. His other home—Emilio and Gloria Estefan’s former home on Star Island in Miami Beach, Florida, worth $35 million—was also raided. Combs, 54, was in the Miami area when the raids were taking place, according to law enforcement agents who obtained a warrant for his arrest Investigators seized the phones of Combs, as he was scheduled to depart for a vacay to the Bahamas.  In December 2023, a lawsuit was filed against Combs by a Canadian woman identified only as Jane Doe, who says she was sex-trafficked and gang raped in 2003 when she was 17 and in the 11th grade. She says two of her associates were also victims, and she is accusing him of running a “sex trafficking scheme.”  The lawsuit names Combs, former Bad Boy Entertainment president Harve Pierre and an unnamed third defendant, claiming Pierre and the third unnamed defendant approached the girl at a lounge in Detroit, Michigan, where Pierre allegedly told her he was “best friends” with Combs and dialed him up. With photographic evidence, the lawsuit alleges Pierre and the unnamed defendant convinced the girl to take a private jet to Combs’s studio in New York City, where she alleges she was drugged up, and gang raped by all three defendants. Jane Doe is the fourth person to file a lawsuit accusing Combs of sexual assault. An earlier complaint, for instance was made on Nov. 16, 2023, when the producer’s former girlfriend, Cassandra “Cassie” Ventura, filed a lawsuit against Combs, accusing him of sex trafficking and sexual assault. Since the allegations, Diddy has stepped down as chairman of Revolt, a music-oriented digital cable television network founded by the rapper and producer, which he founded about 10 years ago. Combs took to social media on Dec. 6, 2023, to denounce the allegations against him and defend himself, writing in a post on IG and Twitter, “Enough is enough.” “Sickening allegations have been made against me by individuals looking for a quick payday,” he said. “Let me be absolutely clear: I did not do any of the awful things being alleged. I will fight for my name, my family and for the truth.” Diddy’s downfall is epic, given his prior successes. As founder of Bad Boy Records, which peaked at $100 million in value, Combs is best known for discovering and transforming The Notorious B.I.G., Usher, Mary J. Blige, rapper-turned-preacher Ma$e, and many other prolific artists. He won three of 13 Grammy Award nominations. He moved into fashion in 1998, and was brand ambassador for Cîroc vodka up until last year when his legal troubles caught up with him. Changing his name numerous times, including Puff Daddy, P. Diddy, and other names, Combs had multiple no. 1 albums and singles as an artist or featured artist. His ode to Notorious B.I.G. sampling Sting, “I’ll Be Missing You,” spent 11 weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. In 2022, Combs planned to launch what was billed as the world’s largest Black-owned cannabis brand with the $185 million purchase of existing licensed cannabis operations in three states, but the deal collapsed in 2023. Diddy’s allegations come amid the fanfare of Quiet on Set on Max, a documentary exposing the dark underside of Nickelodeon, with allegations of multiple sex crimes involving the cast of All That and other shows on the network.

https://hightimes.com/

Switzerland Shares First Data on ‘ZüriCan’ Adult-Use Cannabis Pilot Study

European countries are gradually turning their attention toward cannabis reform as medical and adult-use cannabis steadily become the new status quo in states around the U.S. While Germany gears up to launch its adult-use program next month, Switzerland has embraced an alternative approach in the form of an adult-use cannabis pilot program. Earlier in March, Swiss officials published the first data from its pilot study in Zürich, offering initial insights on the demand for legal cannabis in the country along with some emerging consumer trends. The results of the study will be used to determine what, if any, public health implications adult-use cannabis availability might inflict on Switzerland as well as the rest of Europe. Switzerland is currently running trials in the cities of Lausanne, Zürich, Liestal, Allschwil, Bern, Bienne, and Lucerne, along with the cantons of Basel-Stadt and Geneva. Regarding the recently shared data on the “ZüriCan” study, a total of 2,100 people are able to take part with 1,928 currently included and eligible to purchase cannabis as part of the study.  Significantly more men (80.7%) than women (18%) or nonbinary people (1.2%) are taking part. This disparity was predicted, with researchers referencing a country-wide online survey from 2016 that similarly showed the majority of Swiss cannabis consumers were men. The 28-32 age group is also the most frequently represented in the study, with a mean age of 35 years. The data also takes a closer look at the consumption habits of study participants, with the majority consuming cannabis four or more times a week. “Participation in the study seems to be particularly attractive for people who consume frequently,” researchers state via translation. “However, people who only use cannabis a few times a month also take part in the study. This will allow us to compare people with different consumption habits in our study.” Researchers also note that approximately a fourth of participants had evidence of a cannabis use disorder before they had access to the products in the study — confirmed via a screening questionnaire, the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT). Researchers note that this trend mirrors other similar studies. Acknowledging and honing focus on this variable could also prove to be valuable from a research perspective: “Regulated distribution of cannabis can create a framework that promotes lower-risk cannabis consumption. In particular, cannabis users who have problematic consumption have easier access to advice and treatment services,” authors note. “… The sales staff at the reference points have been specially trained to provide advice and prevention so that individual, targeted advice is possible. Since study participants always buy their study cannabis from the same source, a closer relationship of trust can develop over time, in which problematic developments can also be identified and discussed.” The program originally offered five options, but in December 2023, it expanded to include nine different cannabis products — five flower and four hash products — with varying levels of THC and CBD. Researchers note that study participants have requested “all products,” with a total of approximately 16,500 sales so far and a total of around 140 kg (around 309 lbs) of cannabis products sold in five-gram packs. The data did not include any further breakdowns surrounding consumer behavior or the popularity of specific products, however. The European cannabis company Cannavigia is working with the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health on the study, namely to track cannabis sales and provide data on consumption trends through its Cannabis Dispensary System.  According to Cannavigia Head of Marketing Tobias Viegener, these initial findings are already providing some major insights. “The initial data from the ‘ZüriCan’ pilot, published this month, reveals promising insights into the regulated cannabis market’s functionality and its acceptance among participants,” he told Forbes. “This level of engagement indicates a positive reception and an effective distribution system, setting a solid foundation for informing future cannabis policy and regulation.” On March 18, officials also shared an announcement of the country’s latest study, which will run for five years and could see as many as 7,500 participants — Switzerland’s largest trial to date.  The study will also include a comparison group, with consumers continuing to source cannabis through the illicit market, while the other groups located in Winterthur, Schlieren and Horgen will have access to regulated products through participating pharmacies and retail locations. Cannavigia software will also be used in the recently announced Canton Zürich pilot study.  According to the Federal Office of Public Health, “The aim of the pilot trial in the canton of Zürich is to investigate the social and economic consequences of legalising recreational cannabis use in Switzerland. In addition, the effects of a self-regulation programme for the prevention of excessive cannabis use are to be studied. This involves a randomised controlled trial (RCT).”

https://hightimes.com/

Harley-Davidson Pivots to Hemp in Electric Vehicle Division’s Sustainability Push

What’s the most unique aspect of the recently unveiled S2 Mulholland electric performance cruiser released by LiveWire, Harley-Davidson’s electric division? Some of its major components are made from hemp biocomposites—marking a first for the company as it shifts to a more sustainable approach. On March 20, LiveWire—Harley-Davidson’s electric vehicle (EV) division, which separated as a company in 2022—announced the S2 Mulholland, an electric cruiser with components made from hemp biocomposites. If that doesn’t tickle your fancy, the new vehicle also features components made from materials sourced from discarded fishing nets that otherwise would be choking ocean life across the sea.  Plastic News reports that LiveWire’s newest motorcycle features hemp-reinforced fenders and other parts made with post-consumer plastics. Mulholland’s front and rear fenders are made with a hemp biocomposite. Its radiator shrouds and wiring caddies are made using post-consumer nylon from Ravago, which is sourced from discarded fishing nets.  “S2 Mulholland continues to push the envelope of design further with LiveWire’s first use of sustainable and eco-friendly materials across key touch points on the bike including bodywork, seat, and secondary plastic components,” the press release reads. “Mulholland’s front and rear fenders are manufactured using CAP hemp bio-composite,” the announcement reads. “The motorcycle’s radiator shrouds, and wiring caddies are manufactured from HYLON® OCEAN (PCR Nylon 6), the origin of which are discarded ocean fishing nets, further reducing the reliance on petroleum-based plastics. LiveWire also manufactured the seat using petroleum-free, recyclable silicone rather than leather or vinyl. The finish on the bike is designed to highlight its hemp parts. “Finally, the bike will be available in an eco-friendlier unpainted Lunar White finish that elevates the CAP Hemp material while minimizing the use of traditional plastics and paints—efforts unseen in this category prior to the launch of Mulholland. Liquid Black will be the sole painted option available.” The Mulholland isn’t designed for long rides, however, and it ideal for city driving and other instances. The bike weighs 432 pounds, and the Mulholland is capable of a 3.3 second zero-to-sixty time with its 84 horsepower and 194 ft-lb of torque available to the rider. The 10.5 kWh pack contributes 121 miles of city riding range and 73 miles of highway range at 55 mph. The bike adopts the same charging technology available on Del Mar, with both Level 1 and Level 2 equipped as standard. Mulholland’s 19-inch front and 17-inch rear wheels are equipped with Dunlop Sportmax Roadsmart IV tires, utilizing the bike’s 55°/ 50° left and right lean angles. LiveWire’s majority shareholder is Harley-Davidson, Inc. The bikes come from the lineage of the classic Harley-Davidson bikes as it moves into the EV sector. There are unique acoustic, thermal, and mechanical properties of hemp biocomposite—notably its fire resistance. Hemp biocomposites help to reinforce materials. The push for sustainability in EV design shows how Harley-Davidson is adapting to the changing times.  Electric bikes typically cost more but younger generations are buying them anyways. A survey found that in particular, 73% of Gen Zers were willing to pay more for more sustainable products. (Nearly all studies point to a generation more concerned about sustainability.) This bike is priced just under $16,000 USD and C$22,000, which is more than gas-powered Harley-Davidson cruisers. The bike went on sale last week with inventory available immediately at all U.S. and Canadian motorcycle dealers. The Mulholland line represents a shift in design at LiveWire with changes to the profile and shape of the bike while also using sustainable materials in major components for the first time. The idea to make bikes out of hemp has been around, though they are few. Other engineers like the ones at smaller start-ups like New Zealand-based FTN Motion released electric motorcycles with parts made from hemp. FTN Motion launched its New Zealand-made electric motorbike, the Streetdog, in 2021 and was eyeing the Australian and European markets. The Streetdog can be charged on a household power socket and has a range of up to 80 km. It had a top speed of 50km/h and interestingly—could be driven in New Zealand on a restricted car license because it was classed as a moped. The price starts from $12,000 NZ. Jay Leno also explored hemp-based vehicles. On Jay Leno’s Garage, retired Dell executive Bruce Dietzen demonstrated a red convertible to show the strength and durability of his 2017 Renew, which is made out of 100 pounds of cannabis hemp. Get used to EVs, because they are growing in popularity, big time: According to the International Energy Agency, the share of electric cars in total sales has more than tripled in three years, from around 4% in 2020 to 14% in 2022. 

https://hightimes.com/

Nebraska Bill Aims To Increase Taxes on CBD, Hemp Products by 100%

A recent property tax relief bill in Nebraska is seeking to create new income opportunities for the state, including a variety of sales tax exemptions. This includes adding sales taxes for products like candy and soda, as well as services such as pet care and grooming, but most importantly, adding a 100% tax to CBD and hemp products. Legislative Bill 388 was recently passed by the Nebraska Legislature’s Revenue Committee on March 21 in a seven to 10 vote. The bill was initially introduced by Sen. Lou Ann Linehan in January, who is also the chair of the Revenue Committee. “Sales tax exemptions will be removed on pop and candy, on pet services, on advertising revenue over $1 billion dollars, increased taxes on games of skill to 20%, and lottery tickets,” Linehan wrote in an outline. “Taxes on cigarettes will increase from 63 cents to one dollar and on vaping by 20%. We are going to tax hemp and CBD at 100%. This will result in new revenue of $182 million dollars.” Overall, Linehan estimated that this would allow approximately $560 million in property tax credit funds that would be granted to schools, providing $3,000 per student in foundational aid. It would also create $650 million in property tax relief. The outline also describes “essentials” such as electricity, natural gas, or propane, as things that should not be taxed. “We are in a time of great revenue growth,” the outline concluded. “We have the revenues to pay for this now and for the foreseeable future.” These proposals have created a rift among Nebraskan legislators. Gov. Jim Pillen approved the committee’s work on approving the bill so it can proceed to the floor for debate. “I want to congratulate the members of the Revenue Committee on advancing historic and transformational property tax relief and reform out of committee on a 7-0 vote,” Pillen said in a statement. “Thank you for delivering once in a lifetime transformational property tax relief plan to all Nebraskans.” Many others, such as Sen. Julie Slama, expressed shock regarding the CBD and hemp tax increase. “I’m 100% opposed to LB-388, which is the largest tax increase in Nebraska history,” Slama said. John Gage, state director of Americans for Prosperity, criticized the bill. “There’s nothing innovative about raising taxes on Nebraskans. This bill does not solve our property tax problem and will result in a higher tax bill for hardworking families,” Gage said, according to KETV. “This is the kind of big government nonsense you expect in California, not Nebraska. Legislators will be held accountable if they choose to vote for the largest tax increase in state history.” Platte Institute CEO Jim Vokal called LB-388 a bad tax policy. “In recent years, the legislature has repeatedly succeeded and shown the best path to lowering taxes is to constrain all sources of revenue and spending growth,” said Vokal. “Such constraints need to be imposed upon local governments. We believe that constraining state and local revenue and spending growth is the best path forward rather than raising new sales tax revenues to lower property tax revenues.” Cannabis is illegal in Nebraska, although sales of hemp-derived cannabinoid products continue to thrive. In January, Legislature Bill 199 was introduced by Sen. Teresa Ibach which, if passed, would ban the sale, possession, and consumption of such products. “While a product could be advertised as delta-8 or delta-10, these products could—and most likely do—contain chemicals, compounds and other impurities that are not listed on the label,” Ibach explained. Meanwhile, advocates with Nebraskans for Medical Marijuana (NMM) are hard at work collecting signatures to qualify their medical cannabis initiative for the 2024 ballot later this year. The group needs to collect signatures from 7% of voters in the state and 5% of voters in 38 of the state’s 98 counties (with approximately 125,000 raw signatures in total) by July 3. As of March 15, NMM said on social media that it has collected more than 72,000 signatures from voters in nearly all Nebraska counties (with the exception of Grant, Keya Paha, McPherson, Sheridan, and Wheeler). NMM has attempted to get medical cannabis legalized since 2020. Back then, they only collected 14,212 signatures in three qualified counties, followed by 16,328 signatures in four counties in 2022.  Recent polling conducted by the Neilan Strategy Group in February revealed that 70% of participants want to see medical cannabis legalization. “Nebraskans are clearly ready to legalize medical marijuana,” the Neilan Strategy Group stated. NMM held its own poll in 2022 and found that 80% of participants said they approved of medical cannabis legalization. “Nebraskans are obviously ready to legalize medicinal cannabis,” said NMM campaign manager Crista Eggers, who explained how excited advocates are to be making so much progress this year. “We’re very excited about where we’re at. This time, we’re going to get it done or it is not going to happen,” Eggers said.

https://hightimes.com/

2024 U.S. Cannabis Sales Projected To Exceed $31 Billion

Regulated marijuana sales in the United States are expected to exceed $31 billion this year, according to a recent economic forecast from a firm specializing in cannabis and hemp business consulting, data, and economic research.  The projection from Portland, Oregon-based Whitney Economics estimates that legal sales of medical marijuana and adult-use cannabis will total $31.4 in 2024. The forecasted amount is an increase of $2.6 billion from 2023, representing a growth rate of 9.14% year over year. The projection notes that legal sales of cannabis have been suppressed since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, citing changes in consumer purchasing power, higher interest rates and delayed implementation of regulations in new markets as challenges facing the industry. Despite these factors, overall cannabis growth has remained positive. Legal cannabis sales declined in 10 states, however, an indication that new markets are needed for the industry to continue to grow. Beau Whitney, chief economist at Whitney Economics, said that the new projection builds on a similar market analysis completed by the company last year. “We are quite proud of our predictive analytics that resulted in last year’s forecast versus actuals being 98.3% accurate,” Whitney said in a statement about the new projection. “Although there are uncertainties in the near-term outlook, demand for legal cannabis in the U.S. will remain strong throughout the decade, with growth coming from newer markets.” The forecast projecting continued growth of regulated cannabis sales was welcomed by executives in the cannabis industry. Some noted, however, that the industry’s continued growth will depend on regulatory changes that permit cannabis businesses to operate like those in any other sector, including engaging in interstate commerce and access to banking services. David Craig, chief marketing officer of Missouri licensed cannabis producer Illicit Gardens, said “It should be clear by now that cannabis isn’t going anywhere.” “If the federal government is going to drag its feet on descheduling, then it’s up for the states to take the lead in removing regulatory hurdles to operators, especially multi-state ones,” Craig wrote in an email. “What most outside the industry don’t realize is the extreme burden operating without uniform standards across legal states.” “It’s time for a coalition of states to come together and standardize the basics: packaging and labeling requirements, compliance fundamentals, marketing, and other restrictions,” he added. “Operating even in two contiguous states right now is practically the same as operating in two different countries. Resolving those disparities is an easy win for business and government alike.” Sarah Carter, communications director at Symple Seeds, said that it is “fantastic to see the continued growth of the legal cannabis industry.”  “This significant increase of $2.6 billion from the previous year underscores the momentum and potential within the market.” Carter wrote in an email to High Times. “However, amidst this success, it’s crucial to acknowledge the persistent challenge of limited access to banking for cannabis businesses. This obstacle not only hinders the industry’s ability to operate efficiently but also poses risks in terms of safety and transparency.” Legislation that would allow businesses in the regulated cannabis industry to access traditional banking services has been passed in the U.S. House of Representatives more than half a dozen times in recent years. An updated version of the bill, known as the Secure and Fair Enforcement Regulation Act is pending before the U.S. Senate. In a statement last fall, Majority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York said that he intends “to bring the SAFER Banking Act to the Senate floor with all due speed.” “Addressing this banking issue is paramount for unlocking the full potential of the cannabis sector,” said Carter. “With proper access to banking services, businesses can streamline operations, improve financial transparency, and foster greater investor confidence. Moreover, it would facilitate responsible business practices and compliance with regulatory requirements.”

https://hightimes.com/

Former Mayor, Assemblyman Opens New Jersey Dispensary

Former Medford, New Jersey mayor and former New Jersey General Assemblyman Scott Rudder is opening a dispensary in Riverside in his home state. Riverside, a suburb in the greater Philadelphia-Camden area, is a prime location for growth in the cannabis sector. Rudder, who is Republican, founded the New Jersey CannaBusiness Association in 2016, a leading cannabis trade industry association. He’s also a veteran and helped organize and was a top consultant to statewide campaigns to legalize adult-use cannabis in New Jersey in 2020, and also that year, NJ.com named Rudder the “Mayor of Cannabis.”  Township Green will hold its grand opening today with local officials and dignitaries, including State Senator Troy Singleton, who will take part in the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the state’s most recent cannabis dispensary to open.  “Township Green exemplifies what we hoped to achieve by legalizing cannabis in New Jersey,” said Rudder. “We’re focused not just on providing a great product but on building a sense of community and bringing commerce to downtown Riverside. Please join us on March 25 as we start this new and exciting chapter for the community.” The reasoning behind the opening of this retail location is to help revitalize and bring more foot traffic to Riverside’s downtown business district. It will also provide about 20 jobs, with the majority of them being given to local residents, some of whom can walk to work.  Last year, Rudder spoke to Insider NJ and said that about 70% of New Jersey towns have opted out of allowing cannabis businesses in their communities. However, he added, “that makes those remaining 30% very competitive.” He pushed to expand the state’s cannabis sector forward. “Although more and more people are picking up cannabis and putting down alcohol,” Rudder continued, “a lot of people still feel very closeted about it, which surprises me. … Some towns are a little slow getting to the mark. But some towns are also looking to opt back in [to having cannabis businesses], due to the tax benefits and job creation. I’m a former mayor, father of three. I understand those concerns.” With his new dispensary, he hopes to continue to take part in the growth of the state’s cannabis sector. It involves people who are respected in the community. Township Green’s Chief of Security, for instance, is the retired Riverside Chief of Police and several of the security personnel for the dispensary are local firefighters. Township Green’s grand opening will take place today, March 25 at 10:30 a.m. at 15 Scott Street, Riverside, New Jersey. Meanwhile, the state is making strides in cannabis reform, such as ironing out the rules for consumption lounges. The New Jersey Cannabis Regulatory Commission (CRC), responsible for the rules and regulations of cannabis in the state, met on Jan. 17 and unanimously approved regulations for consumption lounges in the state. According to a CRC press release, the rules need to be approved by the New Jersey Office of Administrative Law, but after that occurs, dispensary operators need to seek municipal approval in order to be endorsed by the CRC to have a consumption lounge. Endorsements last for one year and must be renewed every year. CRC Executive Director Jeff Brown said in a statement that consumption lounges would contribute to the success of New Jersey’s cannabis industry. “New Jersey’s cannabis industry is well on its way to being a billion-dollar industry, and consumption areas will likely bolster that—fostering a communal experience for those 21 and older around cannabis in a regulated and secure space,” Brown said. The primary rules state that a consumption area can’t be a standalone business, but that it must be attached to a retail store. If a dispensary owns multiple dispensaries, they are only permitted to have one consumption space. In addition, as medical sales and enrollment gradually decline amid adult-use sales, the CRC is introducing digital medical cannabis cards with no registration and renewal fees shortly after reducing fees for its physical medical cards. According to the commission, the new digital cards will begin rolling out in a few weeks and were introduced to prioritize patient accessibility and convenience. The digital cards can be presented on a mobile device, eliminating the risk of losing or damaging a physical card while also enhancing accessibility, the commission said. Those who would still like a physical medical card are still in for a bargain, as the CRC also recently reduced its physical registration fees to $10—they will not be required to pay again until renewal two years later, which is also a $10 fee. The opening of Township Green add to New Jersey’s growing industry, with plans to prioritize local community members.

https://hightimes.com/

New Study on Metals in Weed Vapes Presented by Researchers

In a study published in ACS Omega last November, researchers discovered that both legal and illegal vape pen liquids contained metal nanoparticles, including copper, zinc, lead, nickel, chromium, and more. The study was funded by Health Canada and conducted by the National Research Council of Canada. Researchers presented their findings at the American Chemical Society (ACS) meeting that was held between March 17-21 in New Orleans, Louisiana, which included almost 12,000 presentations on a wide variety of different subjects. Andrew Waye, who’s in charge of the research program at the Health Canada Office of Cannabis Science and Surveillance, presented the results of the study at the meeting. “Cannabis vapes are newly regulated products in Canada, so we don’t yet have much scientific data about them,” Waye said in a press release. “This is an opportunity for us to look at some of the questions concerning the risks and unknowns of cannabis vapes.” Lighting a cigarette combines tobacco (the fuel) and oxygen to begin a combustion process that burns through the tobacco. The process of vaping doesn’t utilize a combustion process, and instead heats the liquid until it becomes an inhalable vapor. Between cigarettes and vaping, vaping is often seen as safer, but researchers cautioned this opinion due to the presence of metals that can still be present in the vapor that is inhaled. The study primarily focused on whether or not cannabis vapes in particular also contained nano-sized metals. Using 41 different cannabis vape liquids (20 of which were legal products, and 21 were illegal samples provided by the Ontario Provincial Police), researchers utilized mass spectrometry to find and analyze a variety of contaminants.  Researchers worked with Zuzana Gajdosechova, who works at the Metrology Research Centre of the National Research Council of Canada, to analyze the samples and determine if they contained any of 12 metals that can be viewed via electron microscopy. The press release explained that metals such as arsenic, mercury, and cadmium were present, but within acceptable limits. However, some illegal samples contained more lead than is legally permitted. “The presented data from legally purchased and illegal cannabis vape devices showed mass fractions of Pb above the currently established tolerance limits in several of the vape liquids analyzed, particularly in the illegal samples where Pb [lead] concentrations were up to 100 times higher than the limit,” the authors wrote. “Additionally, the measured mass fractions of toxic metals such as Cr [chromium], Cu [copper], Ni [nickel], and Co [cobalt], as well as the essential metals Zn [zinc] and Mn [manganese] that have known inhalation toxicity, add to the existing evidence that long-term vaping may carry risks to health.” The samples were taken from vapes that were less than six months old and had never been opened or used. “The evidence strongly suggests that metal contamination can come from the device when it’s produced, and not from the heating of the coils,” Gajdosechova said. “But depending on the quality of the device, the contamination may be increased by that heating.” The study showed that the most common heating elements usually include nichrome, copper-plated brass, and kanthal, while the metal components of atomizers (the wick and coil in a vape pen) are made from stainless steel and tin, and lead is used as a solder. This prompted researchers to reconsider testing procedures in Canada. “If contamination is happening when the device is assembled, you should be testing at that stage rather than earlier,” said Waye. Through single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the research team also found that metal particles were nano-sized. “Some nano-sized metal particles are highly reactive and potentially harmful,” said Gajdosechova. The next step would be to analyze how much of those harmful, nano-sized metals are transferred into the vapor. This could reveal even more about the potential harm of metals entering the lungs when inhaled. “Different types of cannabis products present different risks,” said Waye. “Our research doesn’t answer whether vaping is riskier than smoking, it just underlines that the risks may be different. Previously uncharacterized risks with cannabis vaping are still being identified.” Research conducted by New York’s Columbia University last year found that cannabis and tobacco consumers had higher percentages of lead and cadmium in their blood and urine compared to non-users of tobacco and cannabis. Scientists explained that long term exposure to lead and cadmium could lead to health issues such as cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cognitive impairments, or an increased risk of cancer. “We found overall associations between internal metal levels and exclusive marijuana use, highlighting the relevance of marijuana for metal exposure and the importance of follow-up studies to identify the long-term implications of these exposures,” researchers said in their conclusion. They also called for more research in order to assess the presence of other contaminants and health impacts to protect the general public.

https://hightimes.com/

Stripe Says No to Funding Cannabis Journalism, Backs Down After a Fight

In the wake of mass media layoffs and dwindling marketing budgets, many cannabis journalists have turned to independent platforms, like Substack, to build their own audience for reporting on the plant.  Last week, career cannabis journalist and Managing Editor of San Diego Magazine Jackie Bryant joined the troves of ancillary writers being targeted by Stripe, Substack’s payment platform, for violating their terms of sale — despite merely reporting on the plant — while they continue to host many clients selling cannabis and “paraphernalia” directly. On Tuesday, March 19, Bryant got an email with the subject line: “[Important] Closure of your Stripe account for Jacqueline Bryant.”  Her newsletter, Cannabitch, is a continuation of the print column of the same name that ran in San Diego CityBeat until the publication folded in March 2020. As a way to save her audience and her stories, she launched the vertical on Substack for free and has remained un-paywalled ever since, accepting voluntary support for her work.  Today, Cannabitch holds the “best blog” title from the 2021 and 2022 San Diego Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, an honorable mention for “Best Solo Newsletter” from the 2022 New York University American Journalism Online Awards, and her essay “California’s Weed Country is Lit” was included in Padma Lakshmi’s 2021 Best American Travel Writing anthology, published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. It is also, apparently, in violation of Substack’s sole payment platform, Stripe, and its “terms of sales” for merely reporting on the oft-litigated plant, and is no longer eligible to receive payment.  Naturally, Bryant “raised hell” (her words) on X, citing that Stripe has, notably, publicly platformed and supported Nazis through their partnership with Substack, but is choosing to draw the line here.  Of course, she got a DM from Stripe Support letting her know they would re-review her case. By the afternoon, they had confirmed their decision.  “Hi Jackie—we’ve taken this opportunity to conduct another review of the issue.” The DM began. “Unfortunately, we have nothing further to add to what was said in the email we sent earlier today. We appreciate that this is far from the answer you were hoping for. We’re sorry that we can’t be of any further help to you, but wish you the best moving forward.”  Stripe is one of the main payment processing platforms in the country. Notably, it hosts countless sites that both directly sell cannabis accessories and represent cannabis companies themselves through Shopify. Substack also openly hosts many other cannabis-focused publications just like Bryant’s.   Stripe’s decision to close her account will cost Bryant at least $5,000/year in income.  “Legalization, as it stands, is a governmental and corporate cartel,” Bryant says, deep into a conversation lamenting how truly killer these seemingly arbitrary determinations are to those making their living in the business. “If it doesn’t guarantee freedom of speech and freedom of commerce, it’s not legal.”  Bryant also noted the situation on LinkedIn, tagging Substack and calling their attention. A Substack representative reached out on Bryant’s behalf to Stripe for answers.  “The user’s journal links to places to purchase unsupportable items which is why they fall into the Sub Cat 5,” they relayed. “For the user to be supportable, they would no longer be able to link to any sites that sell cannabis or cannabis supplies. There is an example on almost every page the user has published.”  “This is not an exhaustive list,” they continue. “The user would need to audit their own blog and remove links and we would then re-review their page.” A look into subcategory six of Stripe’s terms of service (the mentioned section five was not applicable) shows that Stripe may “terminate this Agreement (or any part) or close your Stripe Account at any time for any or no reason.”  In Section 6.2, Stripe states it may “immediately suspend providing any or all Services to you, and your access to the Stripe Technology, if: (e) you breach this Agreement or any other agreement between the parties.” The adhesion contract that Bryant violates references the service’s prohibited businesses, including marijuana. This policy specifically includes only the following policies:  Only the last of these is in any way applicable to Cannabitch. Bryant has interviewed growers before on the platform, but Stripe never mentioned this as a part of their complaint. They stated that links to any sites that sell cannabis or cannabis supplies were the issue – an issue that is never explicitly raised in their terms of sales.  Something particularly strange about the case of Cannabitch, despite many obvious examples of hypocrisy on Stripe’s part, is that the most recent publication was posted on October 23, 2023. Why Bryant, and why now?  As it turns out, this wasn’t her first interaction with the payment platform.  In an email to a representative for Substack, Bryant stated, “They’ve been asking me for documents since October, which I’ve diligently sent as requested, plus detailed info about my product over and over and over. They kept re-requesting and saying I never sent [them], even with email chains documenting it, and then said I missed the deadline last week. This week they said the account closed for reasons totally different from the supposed set deadline for info delivery, which I met over and over and over again.” “Ugh that’s super annoying!” the representative replied. She asked Bryant to forward the thread to give her team the full context of the situation.  This is when she was told to remove her publications with linked businesses (in the representative from Stripe’s words, “almost every page the user has published”).  When asked by the Substack representative if she had complied, Bryant stated, “I decided not to. It’s censorship, and I’m not selling anything. If that’s the terms, then I guess I reject on principle and will just have to have an unpaid newsletter! It sucks but it’s a line too far for me… it’s too compromising for my ethics and I need to hold the line. Thank you so much for your help.” By the end of our conversation, the signaturely sarcastic Bryant was incapable of being anything but earnest. “I’ve had to defend myself in court against actual defamation allegations as a journalist, but now I can’t even say I like something in my newsletter? I can’t link to a bong?” “This links free speech to capitalism in a way that echoes the marketification of media – which now exists as a marketing tool for the wealthy and connected.” While Bryant, independent journalist and mother to a ten-month-old, lost the ability to collect her follower’s voluntary support of her work, Stripe continued to support ecommerce giants like Amazon to directly sell cannabis accessories and growing solutions (as well as crack pipes, syringes, and knives).  However, by 8:51 am on Friday morning, after a request for comment for this piece and what Bryant assumed was the end of the road, Stripe changed their tune.  The plain-looking email read “Hi Jacqueline, Thank you for providing additional information about your business. We have successfully completed our review, and you are welcome to continue processing payments with Stripe. If you have any questions, you can contact us from any time at our support site.”  She won — no compromises, no additional communication with the platform (beyond a parting, “Hope you all go to hell.”)  Why Stripe gave up is anyone’s guess — be it Bryant’s steadfast determination, her well-researched rebuttals, her follower count. Maybe they just realized they made a mistake. The lesson I take away, (“Don’t negotiate with terrorists?” I imagine her interjecting) as a less experienced and more easily intimidated writer, is the same one my brother taught me the night before I left for Senior Week: know your rights.

https://hightimes.com/

False Dosage Labels on 96% of Tested Amazon Hemp Products, Many With No Hemp or CBD

In the midst of blossoming cannabis and CBD reform throughout the West, hemp-derived cannabinoid products are increasingly taking center stage as legislators continue to raise red flags surrounding the lack of regulation and intoxicating potential of these products. Just in the past several months, a number of states have moved to introduce new policies to limit or ban the sale of psychoactive hemp-derived cannabinoid products, like delta-8 THC. Similarly, many are calling out some of the issues surrounding the regulatory gaps surrounding hemp-derived products in the market. Among them is CBD Oracle, a consumer research company aiming to improve safety and transparency surrounding cannabis products.  Most recently, it turned its attention to CBD gummies and other hemp products available for purchase on Amazon.com. While the company notes that Amazon will “tell you confidently” that they do not allow CBD gummies on the platform, CBD Oracle’s new independent analysis on such products begs to differ. While Amazon doesn’t technically allow CBD products, CBD Oracle suggests that sellers on the site largely get around this obstacle by avoiding the term “CBD” and instead using “hemp” on packaging and in product descriptions.  Neurogan CEO Jan Brandup said that Amazon’s “hemp products” are not related to actual hemp and rather use the term as a sales tactic. “It’s alarming how easily consumers are deceived into trusting these products, just because they are sold on a reputable platform like Amazon,” Brandup said. “The best case is they may drain your wallet.” Sunday Scaries CEO Mike Sill agreed, adding that many of the products on Amazon automatically lack credibility and ultimately quality due to the nature of the platform’s regulations. “When you search for ‘CBD gummies’ on the platform, no reputable brands populate in your search results,” Sill said. “The reason for this is that credible brands like Sunday Scaries, Charlotte’s Web and cbdMD are not allowed to sell on Amazon without being banned.” Rather, Sill said these companies engage in “brand burning,” meaning that once they are banned from Amazon, they essentially rebrand with a new name and packaging only to reupload the same products to the site and continue sales. “Their business model doesn’t include a focus on building a reputable brand and providing the highest quality and safest products to consumers; they are just looking for a quick sale and will do whatever is necessary to stay ‘live’ on Amazon,” Sill said. So what exactly do Amazon “hemp” products contain? In an effort to analyze the specific contents of CBD products on Amazon, the company purchased 56 of the most popular hemp products on the site and tested them through InfiniteCAL Labs. Most of the products (80%) were gummies, with eight tinctures, two topical creams and one pack of mints. A majority (89%) also made specific numerical claims regarding dosage. Around 30% (17 of 56) of the products tested contained CBD, averaging 547 mg per package. However, there was a large variance in CBD quantity between products, with a minimum of 28 mg of CBD and a maximum of 1,582 mg. While CBD Oracle notes that this at least shows Amazon isn’t being totally dishonest about some of these products containing hemp and hemp compounds, it still violates Amazon’s policies and may not be legally compliant. THC is also banned from Amazon sales, though six (11%) of the tested products contained the cannabinoid with the three containing the most comprised primarily of delta-8 THC. While all of the products were under the THC threshold set by the 2018 Farm Bill, the three delta-8 products “had very high quantities of THC” with 641, 2,507 and 3,028 mg per pack. The product with the highest amount of THC had 76 mg per gummy. The majority of tested products (35 of 56 products, or 62.5%) contained no cannabinoids at all with more than a third (24 of 56 products, or 43%) containing no hemp. InfiniteCAL Lab Manager Dr. Erik Paulson explains that hemp is typically infused into consumable products through hemp seeds, which contain no cannabinoids, or through extractable material pulled out of leaves, stems or buds — generally to create cannabinoid-infused products. “Simply put, if you buy ‘hemp’ from Amazon it is likely that you will actually be buying an expensive jar of gummy bears. Gelatin and sugar, priced at a premium,” CBD Oracle notes in the report. The report also confirmed that a whopping 96% of tested products did not advertise an accurate dosage. “If we assume the dosage listing refers to cannabinoids (and not just the total mass of hempseed oil), just two products were confirmed by lab testing to have a dosage within 10% of that listed on their labels,” the report states. “They contained an average of just 25% of the advertised dosage. In most cases, this was less than advertised, but one product primarily containing delta-8 THC had twice the promised dosage.” In addition, 52% of the products appeared to make an unapproved medical claim, and almost 95% of products did not provide Certificates of Analysis (COA), typically considered an essential for reputable companies selling hemp products. While the report focused on Amazon products, CBD Oracle notes the prevalence of this trend, as other companies like eBay, Walmart and Alibaba carry similar products — sometimes the exact same options. Authors note the potential ramifications of selling these products, beyond safety and health concerns, in that it could undermine the broader hemp and cannabis industries and the reform progress so many are actively pushing for. “Amazon has demonstrated that they don’t understand the difference between hemp seed oil and hemp extract that contains cannabinoids,” said Forge Hemp’s Kelly Lombard. “As long as sellers are vague about a product’s contents, Amazon doesn’t seem to care. This is problematic because U.S. consumers need more information about hemp and CBD, not less. Amazon’s convenience and return policy may entice more consumers to try hemp products, but if their experience is negative, that hurts the industry.” CBD Oracle also lists some potential solutions to remedy these issues, though they largely fall on Amazon to either adhere to more strict verification and COA guidelines, if not completely remove any products making false claims. They note that customers tend to have limited impact and that individual efforts to combat or report these products may ultimately result in frustration and wasted time.  Authors also cite that the current model, a blanket ban on CBD encouraging companies to be dishonest and actively work around it, may not be the answer. “Even establishing a bare minimum requirement for hemp sellers — showing an up-to-date lab report — would be enough to send the snake oil sellers running for the hills,” the report concludes. “Will you be able to pretend that CBD isn’t available on your platform? No. But customers who are buying CBD on your platform — who already exist, like it or not — would be much, much more likely to get safe products that offer what they say on the label.”

https://hightimes.com/

Germany Approves Cannabis Reform Plan: Possession Legal April 1

The German government last week adopted a bill to end the prohibition of cannabis for adults that will make possession and home cultivation of weed legal in Europe’s most populous nation as of April 1. The legislation, which also allows for the establishment of cannabis clubs, was given final approval on Friday in the Bundesrat, Germany’s legislative chamber representing the country’s 16 federal states. The bill has already been approved by the second chamber of parliament known as the Bundestag, which voted to pass the legislation late last month. Under the limited legalization bill known as CanG, adults aged 18 and up will be permitted to possess up to 25 grams of marijuana and store up to 50 grams of weed at home beginning on April 1. The measure also permits adults to grow as many as three cannabis plants at their residences.  On July 1, Germany’s weed legalization plan will begin permitting non-commercial cannabis clubs, where members will have access to legally cultivated marijuana. Each cannabis club will be limited to no more than 500 members. The legislation does not include provisions that allow for-profit recreational marijuana producers or retailers. “The fight was worth it,” Health Minister Karl Lauterbach wrote on X, the social media platform formerly known as Twitter, according to a translation from Politico. “Please use the new option responsibly.” “Hopefully this is the beginning of the end for the black market today,” he added. Before Friday’s vote, the leaders of several federal states called for a mediation committee to be convened to resolve disputes over the legislation with the Bundestag. Had the mediation committee been called, enactment of the cannabis legalization plan would have been delayed, likely by about six months. The states raised concerns about an amnesty provision in the law that requires judicial review of tens of thousands of past cannabis cases, fearing the process would overwhelm the courts. Some also criticized the maximum cannabis possession amount as too high and called for weed prohibition zones near schools and kindergartens. A motion to convene a mediation committee was offered but did not gain the number of votes needed for approval. The Bundesrat then voted to approve the plan to legalize cannabis in Germany, which will join Malta and Switzerland in the small group of European nations that have approved limited cannabis legalization plans. Niklas Kouparanis, the CEO and co-founder of Frankfurt-based medical cannabis company Bloomwell Group, says that the legalization of adult-use cannabis in Germany will also have a significant impact on the nation’s existing medical marijuana industry. While there are now an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 medical cannabis patients in Germany, Kouparanis says that number is likely to increase by as much as 10 times when reclassification goes into effect. “While it will probably take some time before the first licensed clubs – permitted under the new law – produce significant amounts of recreational cannabis, the CanG is the best news for the German medical cannabis industry since the ‘Cannabis as Medicine’ law passed in March 2017,” Kouparanis wrote in a statement to High Times. “Starting April 1st, medical cannabis will no longer be classified as a narcotic, and can now be prescribed by physicians as a completely ‘normal’ Rx, such as antibiotics or high-dose ibuprofen,” he added. “This reclassification significantly reduces costs and other administrative burdens to access–from cultivation to further processing and distribution, to storage to dispensing in the pharmacy.” The limited cannabis legalization bill adopted on Friday is considered the “first pillar” of Germany’s cannabis policy reforms, Politico reports. The “second pillar” is expected after the decriminalization plan is in effect, and will consist of five-year municipal pilot programs for state-regulated cannabis to be sold at licensed retailers.

https://hightimes.com/

Going Rogue

If you’ve ever driven from California to Oregon by way of Interstate 5, it’s likely that you’ve passed right by the Rogue Valley. This region of southern Oregon, comprised of the two bordering Josephine and Jackson counties, is home to the Rogue River, a 215-mile waterway that moves westward until it hits the coast. Unlike more prominent areas of the Pacific Northwest, such as Portland, Oregon, or almost all of Washington state, southern Oregon’s Rogue Valley has a unique climate perfect for farming. Jessica Clements, founder of Güd Gardens, has been cultivating cannabis in Oregon since 2010. “This little pocket that I’m in on the Rogue River, just outside of Grants Pass, is a small mini valley of flat, arable land, all irrigated by the Rogue River,” Clements says. “When I found the property, I couldn’t believe it. I was like, ‘This is insane. This is everything I wanted.’” The Emerald Triangle is known worldwide for its ideal growing conditions, but Clements believes that southern Oregon also shares that benefit. “California gets all the clout for being, you know, some of the best climate to grow cannabis, but southern Oregon is this little pocket like microclimate, that is very similar to [Northern] California’s,” Clements says. “And so [when] you think of Oregon, you think Portland, Seattle, the Pacific Northwest, it’s just like rainy, and you know, kind of cool and dark in the winter. But we get incredible amounts of sunshine. In the summertime, we have a long growing season.” Clements started by cultivating medical cannabis but immediately knew she wanted to move into recreational cannabis once voters approved Measure 91 in 2014. Recreational cultivation licenses in the state were granted starting in 2016, and in 2017, Clements applied for a license, was approved, and harvested her first crop all during the same year. Over five years later, Güd Gardens has expanded to include five farms. The first Güd Gardens farm, also where Clements resides, includes 10,000 square feet of outdoor canopy, a greenhouse, and a 6,900-square-foot indoor facility. “So this has kind of all the components that you would ever want for multiple growscapes in which we can do our breeding, our pheno hunting, and I do our year-round indoor cultivation here,” she explains of the primary farm, which she calls the “OG flagship farm.” “The greenhouse allows us to expand our nursery, and then we do some greenhouse [cultivation] in the summer and late fall and then the outdoors with the full sun, you know, one harvest a year outdoor.” When Güd Gardens expanded to include additional farming properties, Clements focused exclusively on outdoor cultivation. “I love indoor. I appreciate its place in the world, but like, my gosh, if you’re in southern Oregon growing indoors, that’s wild to me,” Clements says. “So when I built the other farms, they’re full-sun outdoors, so each of them is like the maximum canopy limit, which is [one] square acre of just full sun outdoor.” With a total of 4.5 acres of outdoor canopy to work with (a half-acre on the flagship farm, plus one acre for each of the other farms), Güd Gardens has managed to establish a massive presence in Oregon. Clements says that 2023’s growing menu consisted of a whopping 173 different cultivars. In addition, Güd Gardens merged with a local extract company called Higher Cultures in 2021. Approximately half of Güd Gardens’s harvests are freshly frozen and used to make everything from distillates to live resin batter for Higher Cultures products. Güd Gardens’s extensive selection of cultivars showcases a wide variety of strains bred by famous breeders like Exotic Genetix and 3rd Coast Genetics and local breeders like StaeFli Farms. Güd Gardens grows both through seeds and clones. When considering which strains to grow, Clements says that it comes down to two things. First, she wants to retain a varied selection of sativa, indica, and hybrid products. “While I hate it from a cultivation standpoint, the taxonomy of sativa/indica/hybrid, there’s a lot of problems with that, but it is kind of what we all agreed upon as like how we’re going to qualify, you know, the effects of the products right now that we’re selling and that people are buying,” Clements says. More importantly, though, she wants to see Güd Gardens continue to offer a diverse selection of flavor profiles, especially when pursuing a variation in concentrate selection. “If you’re going into the sativa realm, you’re gonna get a lot of citruses. You know, there’s a lot of those like brighter, lemony/piney experiences, but we like to find unique cultivars that express differently, right?” Clements says. “We don’t want a sativa library that’s all lemon, or, you know, all pineapple or all Tangie. We’re looking for some diversity within that.” Every few months, Güd Gardens focuses on hunting for new and exciting genetics to add and experiment with. Its most recent hunt included gear from Countree Grammer and Big Papa from Skunk House Genetics, Dad Breath from Masonic Seed Co., Deep V from Thug Pug Genetics, and PermZ from Lost In Translation (LIT) Farms, among many others. The Güd Gardens team has also spent the last few years experimenting with their own internal breeding program. Clements says they started building the program between 2021 and 2022 using southern Oregon staples like Purple Hindu Kush, Jager, and Lemon Sour Diesel. However, their in-house breeding portfolio has expanded to include a few interesting results. Warp Speed (Galactic Runtz x Runtz Buttons) was the first to be announced online from this breeding program. Clements explains that Warp Speed has been “wildly popular.” “We chose to share pollen from Galactic Runtz with several receivers; this offspring was a clear winner,” Güd Gardens announced online last summer. “This gorgeous plant has reflective trichomes and an ultra-gassy, chemical-rich, nose-wrinkling scent. It finishes with a sweet fruity flavor that makes this one of the more dynamic and highly potent experiences from our garden.” Likewise, another in-house bred cultivar, Elon’s Yacht (Galactic Runtz x Tropical Fusion), which features a musky, men’s cologne aroma, was another surprise winner with Oregon consumers. That one was turned into rosin and BHO by Higher Cultures. “A seriously divine cross of tropical terpenes and ultra-gassy skunk combine to create a bright green mature flower with a sweet flavor and the familiar gas of the classic Galactic,” Güd Gardens says on Instagram. “Perhaps the most notable quality of this genetic is its ability to create high-yielding and mouth-watering rosin.” Clements recalls that one surprising cultivar creation came in the form of a plant strongly reminiscent of turkey gravy, so the team aptly named it Gravy (Tropicana Punch x Point Break). “There’s still these unique profiles presenting themselves, and I think that’s what a lot of the really interesting breeders are chasing too,” Clements says. Ultimately, Clements thinks that over the past five years or so, consumers have become overwhelmed with a wide variety of new strains whose flavor profiles and qualities are very similar to classic strains. “I’ll tell you what, Purple Hindu Kush in southern Oregon, it’s like people come back to that. And the Blue Dream? People are coming back to that now,” Clements says. “I think everyone got kind of hit over the head with all the new stuff, and those [classics] sell great too. We put a Blue Dream cart out, we put Blue Dream in a bag and sell the flower, and we can’t keep it in stock.” Güd Gardens has found a sweet spot for cultivating unique cannabis in the Rogue Valley, but there’s even more to look forward to soon. Earlier in 2023, Higher Cultures began selling extracts in New Mexico, and Clements is making plans to check out property to expand Güd Gardens into the Land of Enchantment next. This article was originally published in the March 2024 issue of High Times Magazine.

https://hightimes.com/

Bruno Worldwide

Over the last few years, the world of professional joint rollers has exploded with Bruno Van Holland right amongst the front of the pack. Best known as simply Bruno, Van Holland’s attempt to elevate the live rolling experience with his always dapper haircut, tuxedo vest, and giant smile has endeared him to the cannabis world. And I mean that in the most literal sense as I’ve personally accompanied him to the Canary Islands and Denmark, not to mention all of our domestic adventures. Everywhere we’ve been, folks were quick to pull out their phones to catch a shot of Bruno in action. And it’s not just a personality thing. Bruno’s rolls are top-class, be it regular joints or hash holes. He’s also pulled the whole rolling team he’s assembled up to a high level. As we jumped on a call with Bruno to chat about his adventures, he immediately noted that he and the team were in prep mode for two events that night. Things have gotten action-packed since his return to his home in California from South Korea in 2020. While overseas he used his Cali growing experience to help some friends get set up. Just after that South Korea trip, he spent a month in Cuba touring tobacco plantations. There he watched how the experts roll. “And then right before that, I had just spent six months in Korea growing basically like the largest indoor facility in Seoul, Korea,” Bruno told High Times. “I was growing for six months in Korea before I came back to the states. And that’s how I got my story. That’s where I met my wife. I was showing the people in Korea how to grow California weed and smoke like we do. It was definitely an experience that got me started on thinking international because Korea was my first time out of the country.” Bruno points to a gig he got with Hash and Flowers in the summer of 2021 as the moment everything changed for him. He argues that the full-ounce hash hole stuffed with 8 grams of rosin put him on the map in the first place. That was also when he knew he had to figure out how to do this full-time. “The Delta Boys hit me up and said we would like to do a roll. We’d like to have your roll in our stores. They need a roller and they would like to do a collab with me,” Bruno said. “They had me roll 2,000 joints by myself.” The ball kept rolling as more and more people got wind of what Bruno was up to. He quickly became a regular on the California scene. Whether it was a sesh, party, or big industry event like Hall of Flowers, you could expect to see that staple bow tie and vest. Eventually, he would pair up with one of his favorite rollers, Grasshoppa, and the duo would turn the live experience into Luxe Roll Bar. Bruno called Grasshoppa a major inspiration for his live rolling events. Bruno’s first dabblings into international rolling activities were pretty basic as he coached his fans worldwide on how to do a better job with their rolls. Bruno would get the call to travel to the Canary Islands to judge the Canary Champions Cup in the spring of 2023. He was a hit with the locals and those who had made the short trip from Europe to enjoy the sun, hash, and flowers. “We absolutely loved having Bruno come through to the islands, one of the most charming and calm individuals to ever grace the industry,” the Champion’s Cup founder Lawrence told High Times. “He’s always on deck to roll up something special! The fact that his rolls are so well presented and he wears a tuxedo when in this flow state of paper wizardry just reconfirms we made an excellent choice to invite him out for the cup. We are so happy to see someone with talent like Bruno taking huge leaps towards their goals and still finding time to spend with the little guys.” I was sitting next to Bruno at the judges table for two days as I watched a carousel of European hitters come up to watch him roll or chat it up. Bruno emphasized he was in shock that people knew who he was. “That was amazing that anybody outside of my group of friends knew who I was, and that there were people that wanted to meet me and take a picture with me. That blew my mind,” Bruno said. “That just doesn’t happen to somebody that just rolls joints. I don’t know. But I feel like in that community, they were very welcoming. And they liked me. They liked what we’re doing here in California as far as rolling joints.” But Bruno noted that people are looking for the upgraded experience that he’s offering. “The bow tie and the whole classy look and bringing it into a wider audience like, this is fancy, this is really nice. It’s not just we’re just smoking pre-rolls, it’s something fancier,” Bruno explained. We asked Bruno what it’s been like comparing elite rolls around the world. “Different areas in the world have different styles of rolling? Even here in America, I noticed that they’ll roll differently in different parts but the biggest difference, in California versus everywhere else in Europe, was the backstrap,” he said. Bruno explained the backstrap is where, instead of sticking the gum line at the very end, you are rolling it with the paper upside down so that tuck is with the gum line and then there’s going to be an excess paper that’s folding off and you would have to rip that off or burn it off. This common European method creates less paper that you’re burning and smoking. Bruno went on to note, “Back here in California, we roll joints so big that we use all that paper and so it’s that. There’s a bit of a difference there.” Another obvious giant difference for Bruno between the two sides of the Atlantic is that practically everyone in Europe is smoking spliffs, such as old-school Moroccan hash or flower paired with tobacco. A fun reaction you’ll see when traveling with Bruno is people seeing how big his joints are. He laughs at how shocked they are to discover it’s all flowers inside. “Whenever they see one of my joints, their eyes get so big because they don’t smoke like that,” Bruno said. “They don’t have the amount and access to the flower.” As for his favorite places to roll so far? Bruno has a deep love of sitting in front of Amsterdam coffeeshops and rolling up as he looks at the canals. Currently, California is the epicenter of the elite rolling scene. A lot of the biggest rollers in the game call the Golden State home just like Bruno. We asked if any other locations seemed to be catching up in his travels. “I knew that Michigan has a lot of really good rollers,” Bruno replied. “If not for California, Michigan has the best rollers in the United States.” Bruno noted next when it came to speed, Amsterdam had some of the fastest rollers he’d seen. He further argued Amsterdam is where there should be more famous rollers. “I’m surprised that in Amsterdam, they don’t have the live rolling like we do here,” he said. He feels that everybody there rolls their joints, so they don’t see it as needing somebody to roll for them. “But I think that they’re going to have live rolling and it’s going to be more centered around somebody like a chef that makes these joints or that’s the roller there in that coffeeshop,” Bruno predicted. “[People will say] ‘Oh, you have to get his rolls, they’re the best.’ I think that that’s the spot where people are going to start finding legendary rollers.” When asked about his favorite rollers of the moment, he quickly pointed to Weavers, June Da Goon, and his good friend Grasshoppa. Bruno sees himself and his peers as rollers and the top tier rollers being the bartenders of parties from now on instead of having bartenders be there. He argued that live rolling should be a part of more normalized aspects of society like movie theaters and sporting events. But Bruno warned that it’s not all sunshine and perfect rolls. Every week he hears about a new professional roller. “I’ve seen them come and go over the years,” Bruno said. “The ones that can stick around are the ones that have put in 10,000 rolls. The guys that have been here since the beginning. There’s a rolling community that will point out when it’s not good. And we know what the not good rolls look like.” Bruno emphasized that everyone knows what’s going on and if a person is putting out subpar rolls and calling themselves a professional, they make all professional rollers look bad. “And being an active member of the community, you have to point that out. It’s like hey, [you] can’t call that a professional roll when it’s not a professional roll,” Bruno said. “There should be some guidelines or some approval like who said it? I don’t know I sometimes…I just get upset when I see that.” The conversation turned to how critical the hash hole has been in the international rise of the professional roller. Bruno said that the rise of Fidel’s Hash Holes changed everything, and that wave of popularity has been paying his rent for the last three years plus all the other niche jobs it created for the community. As for where Bruno is heading next, he is setting his sights on rolling in Thailand and New York. This article was originally published in the March 2024 issue of High Times Magazine.

https://hightimes.com/

My Spannabis Experience

Barcelona… what a beautiful city with such a rich cultural heritage. Amazing food, amazing people. This was my first homage to Spannabis since 2019 and while a lot of things have changed, some have stayed the same. The main thing that stayed the same is the fact that weed is still illegal. Even though Barcelona has basically become little California with the availability of most desired major brands in most social clubs, that does not mean that people can move like they do in California. Police do not need probable cause to search you. According to Spanish law, the use of cannabis products is decriminalized for personal cultivation and use, and other purposes other than sale or trade. It’s illegal for trade or commercial purposes. AKA that does not mean you can smoke freely on the street or have any amount of anything on you; at the very least you’ll catch a fine. Spanish legislation states that the consumption or possession of “toxic drugs, narcotics or psychotropic substances, even if they are not intended for trafficking, in places, roads, establishments public or public transport” is considered as a serious offense, and imposes a fine ranging from EUR 600 to EUR 30,000. The police tried to gang-stalk me walking 3 meters from my taxi into my Airbnb at 3 AM one night. I saw them coming down my street, flip a bitch, and park not far from me. I already had my keys in my hand and I heard them whistle like a construction worker would catcall a woman on the street. I, of course, did not look up, and in fact have never opened a door so quickly in my life. I ran up the stairs and proceeded to look out of my window and saw them posted up looking at my building. I had only a personal amount on me but would rather spend that EUR 600 on more constructive things, not to mention my idea of personal use may not fit their criteria of a personal amount. What a strange little game of cat and mouse. According to the powers of the internet, there are over 450 cannabis social clubs in Spain and they are supposed to be for residents only. I very much enjoy smoking at these places but much prefer them when every clout jockey from around the globe are not present. Honestly everything about this series of events is absolute madness which is not a bad thing but can be a lot. I personally enjoy all of the excitement. Spannabis is an event that attracts both the best breeders in the world, and also the shadiest, no integrity having salesmen that would rerock their own mothers for a few bucks over a three day weekend in Europe. My personal highlights were meeting @karmagenetics, @grounded_genetics, and seeing my friends @ciphergenetics, @nyceeds718, @piffcoastfarms, @fidelsworldwide, @serge_cannabiss, @terphogz_offficial, @doja.pak (@dukeofdoja) and my personal favorite breeder of all time @nineweeksharvest. So many more to name here but enough name dropping lets get to the real. Selling “white label” seeds in fancy packaging is much easier than selling white label pack in fancy packaging. Seeds have no distinguishable characteristics besides tiger stripes and all of the packs are usually sealed. What’s to stop even the biggest names in the game from sourcing any old bullshit and giving it some fake lineage on a mylar then running said mylar through the sealer so you couldn’t even check them if you tried—not that you would find out what they actually are by looking at them. The average Spain resident makes about EUR 12,000 per year. Selling fake nonsense at an astronomical ticket is so disrespectful to the country of Spain and entire game, it’s crazy to me that allegedly reputable people would try such a thing. Selling seeds is essentially selling dreams and not even a magician could sell hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of made up folklore crosses with fake names. The top breeders gear will herm under the wrong conditions, and as my good friend @masonicsmoker4.0 always says, if it herms it’s because people can’t grow for shit and it’s all user error. On a serious note, to expect to germinate a seed and immediately flower it and not have a terrible experience is a ridiculous concept. In my experience the process should be to pop the seed, clone it, cull the seed start, then flower clones from your new mothers. In other words, flower and hunt through your generation two clones to see a more realistic expression of the plant. Also when hunting, I think its very important to be hyper critical and be prepared to throw 99% of new gear in the trash bin; they all can’t be winners just because you took the time and spent the money to pop and hunt. Shout out to everyone putting in the work to push the culture forward, especially regarding genetics.  I love hash. I love rosin. However, I do not love seeing the same strains win every competition especially from the same group of people. Everyone has an opinion on how these things should be judged, how people should be smoking, how people should be judging, who should be judging… To me it’s becoming too obvious that some people care soooo much to the point they’re going to make sure that they win, and if they don’t win they’re going to make sure their friends win. This is not a personal attack on anyone or any competition. If you love this plant enough to physically wash it in damn near freezing conditions, let alone all of the prep work, packaging and everything else involved, especially actually growing it yourself… you are in fact a crazy person and we can be friends. I was contemplating not saying any of this for political reasons but it needs to be said. Variety is the spice of life and as much as I too love these winning strains I find it extremely one-sided to continue to see the same patterns.  Spannabis and its surrounding events are world-class and unlike anything I’ve ever experienced in the U.S. If you’ve never been, go. Just be careful. I would suggest spending some time before or after the events just to see how Barcelona is without every cannabis personality at every single event taking up precious oxygen. Travel around Europe a little as well if you can take the time to do so. Thank you to everyone that made this trip memorable. 

https://hightimes.com/

SoCal City, Costa Mesa, Officials Consider Sweeping New Rules for Dispensaries

In an “hours-long discussion,” the officials on a Costa Mesa panel considered various ways of amending the city’s laws governing legal cannabis shops. Those laws “have engendered complaints from neighbors and proprietors alike,” according to the Los Angeles Times, which said that Tuesday’s meeting “ended with a flurry of motions from City Council members that, if approved, could have sweeping local impacts on the industry.” The Times reported that the council “considered a slate of recommendations submitted by the Planning Commission in three earlier public hearings and cataloged in a draft revision of the original 2021 ordinance.” “But where commissioners went in with scalpel-like precision, carefully weighing potential edits against real-world consequences before posing eight specific suggestions, the City Council adopted a somewhat scattershot approach,” the Times said. The publication Voice of OC reported that the Costa Mesa City Council is “looking to limit the number of retail cannabis shops to 35 after city officials began questioning just how many should operate within the city,” while also “eying how close the shops should sit next to homes, youth centers and other cannabis storefronts.” “Part of my intent today is to not only figure out the new buffers and also the cap, but also to address issues raised by the industry,” Manuel Chavez, a member of the Costa Mesa City Council, said at Tuesday’s meeting, as quoted by Voice of OC. “I think we’re doing a piece by piece approach which is fine but I do want to make sure we’re reforming some of the comments we hear from the industry.” According to the Los Angeles Times, the council “generally supported establishing a separation requirement of 250 feet between any new cannabis dispensaries and residentially zoned properties and 1,000 feet between storefronts and youth centers where children recreate.” More from the Times on the measures considered by the council: “If passed, such a rule would make any already-approved shops inside that red zone ‘legal, nonconforming’ businesses. Although they may continue to operate in violation of the new rules, it’s not clear whether that status could hamper a property or business in the future. The panel also agreed to process up to 35 cannabis business permits, to allow would-be operators who’ve already passed a pre-application stage to continue the process. After that, through attrition, a new citywide cap of 10 dispensaries could be instituted upon final approval. But because a cannabis business permit runs with an individual operator and may not be transferred if a dispensary is sold, it is unclear whether another owner would be able to apply for a new permit or be shut out by the cap.” Voters in Costa Mesa, a city in Orange County of around 17,000 people, approved a ballot proposal in 2020 called Measure Q, also known as the Costa Mesa Retail Cannabis Tax and Regulation Measure, which “allows the City to adopt rules permitting retail cannabis uses within the City, including storefronts (dispensaries) and non-storefront uses (delivery only),” according to the city’s official website. Measure Q also established “buffers between some properties and storefronts to limit the distance between them,” which the Costa Mesa City Council began considering last fall. In October, the council “voted unanimously for staff to take another look at the buffers,” directing the “planning commission [to] first consider any changes and make recommendations to the council within the next two months,” according to Voice of OC. “The current ordinance does not include buffer zones between storefronts and residential areas. Some residents have expressed concerns about the distance of cannabis storefronts from residential areas and schools and the overconcentration of the businesses, especially at Broadway and Newport Boulevard…Local officials are also concerned for the well-being of students as they pass many cannabis stores on their commute to school,” the outlet reported in the fall. “My kids are eight, and they ask me all the time, ‘What’s Nectar? What’s Mr. Nice Guys?’ It’s hard to explain to them what’s going on in the community,” Erik Weigand, a Newport Beach councilmember, said at the meeting in October. Alex Frank, an attorney representing home and business owners in Costa Mesa, said that if “four cannabis businesses are put at that corner, it will effectively turn that corner into Costa Mesa’s cannabis row, and it will do so less than 25 yards from homes and many families in our community,” according to Voice of OC. “My firm has been retained to encourage the city to reverse course on this before pot shops dominate that corner and damage my clients’ businesses and their homes. And if the city will not do that, my clients intend to proceed with litigation to seek damages for the resulting injuries,” Frank said at the meeting, as quoted by the outlet.

https://hightimes.com/

State Attorneys General Ask Congress To Regulate Intoxicating Hemp Products

Nearly two dozen attorneys general from across the country wrote a letter to congressional leaders this week, urging them to enact legislation to federally regulate intoxicating hemp products. In the letter, the top law enforcement official from 21 states wrote that the legalization of hemp with the 2018 Farm Bill has resulted in “the proliferation of intoxicating hemp products across the nation and challenges to the ability for states and localities to respond to the resulting health and safety crisis.” The letter, dated March 20, was addressed to the committee chair and ranking minority members of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry and the House Committee on Agriculture. The correspondence was led by Indiana Attorney General Todd Rokita and Arkansas Attorney General Tim Griffin, both Republicans, and co-signed by the attorneys general of 19 additional states, including Democrats and Republicans. In their letter, the state officials call on the leaders in Congress “to address the glaring vagueness created in the 2018 Farm Bill.” The legislation has led to the proliferation of products containing psychoactive novel and minor cannabinoids that can be derived from hemp, including delta 8 THC, THCA, HHC and others. “The reality is that this law has unleashed on our states a flood of products that are nothing less than a more potent form of cannabis, often in candy form that is made attractive to youth and children — with staggering levels of potency, no regulation, no oversight, and a limited capability for our offices to rein them in,” reads the letter. To address the issue, regulators and lawmakers in many states across the country are seeking ways to stem the tide of unregulated intoxicating hemp products, arguing that they pose a health risk, particularly to young people. Advocates for tighter controls on intoxicating hemp products in states with legal weed note they pose a competitive threat to licensed marijuana businesses, which face the high costs and taxes often associated with the regulated pot industry. Regulating intoxicating hemp products has been resisted by some businesses and industry advocates. Some companies marketing intoxicating hemp products have filed lawsuits to block new regulations, arguing that the 2018 Farm Bill specifically legalizes hemp-derived cannabinoids other than delta-9 THC. These legal actions have produced mixed results. In Arkansas, a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction in September that bars the implementation of a law to ban intoxicating hemp products.  “These inconsistent court rulings are part of the reason I have urged Congress to step in and create consistency across the nation to protect our children from these dangerous drugs,” Griffin said in an email to Politico. California Attorney General Bonta, one of the attorneys general who signed the letter to congressional leaders, said that intoxicating hemp products constitute a health risk for young people. “Our children deserve better,” Bonta said in a statement. “The 2018 Farm Bill, however well-intentioned, created a loophole that has led to the proliferation of products, often containing synthesized cannabinoids, that are more intoxicating than legal and regulated cannabis products. These products often take the form of candy and are designed to appeal to young people and children. California prohibits intoxicating cannabinoids in hemp products, whether naturally derived or synthetic. The California Department of Justice will continue to protect the legitimate businesses who are operating responsibly in this space.” The letter calls on the leaders of the congressional agricultural committees to take action to regulate intoxicating hemp products by redefining hemp in the next farm bill, which is currently being debated in Congress. The legislation, which guides policy on a wide range of issues related to agriculture, is updated every five years, although progress on last year’s anticipated renewal of the legislation was delayed to this year. “The reason Congress needs to act is that its definition of industrial hemp is the original source of the problem and the confusion that has sprung up around what is allowed and what’s not allowed under state and federal law,” Indiana Solicitor General James Barta said in an interview with Politico.

https://hightimes.com/

Organs from Cannabis Consumers Don’t Pose Risks of Infection

A study published in the American Journal of Transplantation recently shows that organs that come from donors with a history of recent cannabis use don’t show signs of infection or significant risk. The study was conducted by a handful of researchers from University of California, San Francisco, University of Pennsylvania, and Temple University, and funded by National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Transplant Foundation Innovative Research Grant Program. Researchers examined information from three specific transplant centers located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between transplants that were conducted by the Gift of Life Program between January 1, 2015-June 30, 2016. According to the CDC, organ transplant patients take anti-rejection medicine that lowers their body’s immune system response, which helps their bodies accept the new organ. That same medicine can sometimes lead to mild or life-threatening infections, which can develop days, weeks, months, or even years after transplant surgery occurs. The authors explained that cannabis leaves sometimes contain harmful bacteria or fungi, and inhaled cannabis has also been found in relation to infections in transplant patients. This study addressed the question regarding if cannabis consumer’s organs are harmful to patients on the organ receiving end. “The goal of our study is to better characterize the infection risks that marijuana use among deceased organ donors may pose to [solid organ transplants] recipients,” the authors wrote. The authors explained the importance of their findings amidst the rising percentage of people consuming cannabis regularly. “It is likely that a growing proportion of deceased organ donors have a history of marijuana use, as well, though this metric has not been specifically reported,” authors said. The study examined donors with cannabis use within the last 12 months prior to the study, as well as donors with no recent cannabis use history. “Despite concern that donor exposure to marijuana increases the risk of fungal infection in recipients, our study found that a donor history of marijuana use did not increase (1) the likelihood of donor culture positivity (including respiratory cultures), or (2) the risk of early recipient bacterial or fungal infection, graft failure, or death posttransplant,” the study stated. “Even when evaluating only lung recipients, there remained no association between donor marijuana use and the risk of posttransplant infection.” The researchers explored a variety of data from the three transplant facilities, such as donors who experienced bacterial or fungal infections, or if the transplant failed and led to death in the patient. Overall, organs from consumers with recent cannabis use posed little threat to the patients. “Among donors with a history of recent marijuana use, 79 (89%) had at least 1 positive culture, compared to 264 (87%) among those with no history of marijuana use,” researchers wrote. “On donor respiratory cultures, 76 (85%) donors with a history of recent marijuana use and 250 (82%) donors with no history of recent marijuana use had bacterial or fungal growth on respiratory cultures. On both unadjusted analyses and multivariable analyses, there was no association between recent donor marijuana use and donor culture positivity.” However, it’s important to note that the data that researchers reviewed was collected well after transplants occurred, and relied on next-of-kin to help measure a patient’s cannabis use. This was described as an “imperfect measure” of data collection. “In conclusion, our study demonstrates that donors with a history of recent marijuana use are not more likely to have positive donor cultures, and their recipients are not more likely to develop a bacterial or fungal infection, graft failure, or death in the early posttransplant period (in the context of current management),” the study concluded. “These results suggest that organs from donors with a history of recent marijuana use do not pose significant novel infectious risks to recipients in the early posttransplant period.” Currently, medical cannabis patients often experience discrimination when seeking out health care, but specifically encounter restrictions when it comes to organ transplants, according to a report published by the Petrie-Flom Center at Harvard Law School last October. “Many transplant centers prevent cannabis users from receiving solid organ transplantation due to concerns regarding interactions between cannabis and immunosuppressant drugs used for transplants, treatment non-adherence, fungal infections, and neuropsychiatric effects,” the report stated. As a result, medical cannabis patients are often ineligible for transplant. The review adds that larger-scale studies are needed in order to determine if medical cannabis consumption “…should not be an absolute contraindication to solid organ transplantation.” Furthermore, some research shows evidence of medical cannabis helping to prevent transplant rejection in some patients. Last year, another study found that cannabis use isn’t a risk for liver transplant patients. Researchers found no correlation between cannabis and non-cannabis users, stating that there was “no statistically significant associations between marijuana use with post-transplant bacterial or fungal infections, medication non-compliance, or continued substance use.”

https://hightimes.com/

Study Aims To Determine Role of Shrooms in Battling Alcoholism

A study based in Canada aims to shed light on the potential for psilocybin’s role in battling the beast that is alcohol addiction. Researchers associated with the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada started to recruit 128 patients to embark on the largest single-site trial of its kind in Canada to find out. Psilocybin will be sourced from mushrooms by Burnaby, British Columbia-based Filament Health, by workers who extract psilocybin and put it into capsule form. The trials earned an exemption from Health Canada in order to use a controlled drug that remains illegal at the federal level. The current system isn’t working: About 70% of individuals struggling with alcoholism will relapse at some point, and furthermore, the percentage of alcoholics who recover and stay sober is about 35.9%, or around one-third. (The good news is the longer an individual is sober, his or her chances of full sobriety skyrocket.) The fact of the matter is that family intervention simply doesn’t work statistically, and that forcing someone into rehabilitation rarely works—at least, not without an alternative approach. The Calgary Herald reports that the goal is to determine if administering psilocybin will enhance the effect of psychotherapy sessions for those with alcohol use disorder (AUD). People have been exploring the role of shrooms in battling AUD since at least the 1960s, when the topic began appearing in books. “What’s new is taking a scientific approach to demonstrate it has an impact,” said Dr. David Hodgins, a professor of clinical psychology at the U of C’s faculty of arts. “There are a lot of beliefs about what the possibilities are—it would be really nice to see the science there.” Participants will undergo about an hour of psychotherapy, which would be followed by a psilocybin session lasting five to six hours, according to Dr. Leah Mayo, principal investigator and Parker Psychedelic Research chair at the Cumming School of Medicine. “It’s what you’d think of a psychedelic trip—the visuals, the profound insights,” said Mayo, adding that patients would receive another psychotherapy session afterward. “It is going to be done in a very controlled environment with a trained therapist.” Patients will undergo a total of 16 weeks of follow ups after their dosing session and researchers hope to have results by the end of the year. “They can open up a therapeutic window of opportunity—the brain becomes more elastic, people are open and more receptive,” she said. “Cognitive flexibility is staying out of that rigid thinking and becoming more adaptable.” The current approach, which isn’t working well, “is a more confrontational approach, this model (we’re using) avoids confrontation,” said Hodgson. “It’s a process that encourages a lot of self-reflection—if people identify and focus on the reasons they want to make changes in their lives, they’re much more likely to succeed.” Researchers hope to create a standardized protocol that can be applied by other researchers and, perhaps eventually, be used on a larger scale to help people battling alcoholism. It’s psilocybin’s power to increase cognitive flexibility that makes the compound so unique. Recent research suggests psilocybin can help with other conditions like treatment-resistant eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia. Last June, researchers announced what they said is the first randomized controlled trial examining psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for AUD, however that study only involved 13 participants. A 2023 study published in the journal Psychology of Addictive Behaviors by the American Psychological Association on June 5, 2023 found that psilocybin can be an effective treatment for people with alcohol addiction. Entitled “Reports of self-compassion and affect regulation in psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder: An interpretive phenomenological analysis,” the study was conducted by researchers from New York University and University of California, San Francisco, as well as a psychedelic integration and psychedelic-assisted therapy business called Fluence. The study objective was to “delineate psychological mechanisms of change” for those who suffer from AUD. “Participants reported that the psilocybin treatment helped them process emotions related to painful past events and helped promote states of self-compassion, self-awareness, and feelings of interconnectedness,” researchers stated. “The acute states during the psilocybin sessions were described as laying the foundation for developing more self-compassionate regulation of negative affect. Participants also described newfound feelings of belonging and an improved quality of relationships following the treatment.” Based upon this evidence, researchers explained that psilocybin “increases the malleability of self-related processing, and diminishes shame-based and self-critical thought patterns while improving affect regulation and reducing alcohol cravings,” the authors concluded. “These findings suggest that psychosocial treatments that integrate self-compassion training with psychedelic therapy may serve as a useful tool for enhancing psychological outcomes in the treatment of AUD.” The evidence is piling up and developments are underway to form a protocol for battling AUD with the help of psilocybin.

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