CBD Forum by Chow420

Go back
Refer
$20
Refer
Get $20 in Chowcash when you refer friends, stores, and brands to Chow420. Your friends also get $20 towards their first purchase when they accept your invitation.
Login to Refer

Hemp News, Laws & Product Updates

A curated news hub focused on hemp regulation and policy changes, cannabinoids (CBD/Delta-8/Delta-9/hemp-derived THC), lab testing and COAs, product safety, brands, and industry trends.

  • Federal & State Hemp Laws
  • THC Policy
  • CBD / Delta-8
  • Compliance
  • Lab Testing (COA)
  • Product Safety
  • Industry & Brands
Back to Chow420
https://hightimes.com/

DEA Warns Georgia Pharmacies To Stop Selling Low-THC Cannabis Oil

Federal law enforcement agents sent a warning letter dated Nov. 27 to pharmacies across Georgia, warning them that dispensing and selling cannabis oil is illegal under federal law. The letter arrived a month into Georgia’s medical cannabis program. Last June, Georgia’s Board of Pharmacy released a set of regulations that enable the state’s independent pharmacies to dispense cannabis oil to eligible patients enrolled in a registry maintained by the state Department of Public Health. Beginning last Oct. 27, Georgia is the first state in the U.S. to permit independent pharmacies to sell low-THC oil. The move made it legal for over 400 independent pharmacies in Georgia to apply for the program and dispense cannabis oil. Over 100 have applied for the program so far. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) warned them that dispensing THC is illegal because it remains a Schedule I drug.  “All DEA registrants, including DEA-registered pharmacies, are required to abide by all relevant federal laws and regulations,” reads a letter sent to a Georgia pharmacy by Matthew J. Strait, a DEA deputy assistant administrator in the agency’s Diversion Control Division. “A DEA-registered pharmacy may only dispense controlled substances in Schedules II-V of the Controlled Substances Act. Neither marijuana nor THC can lawfully be possessed, handled, or dispensed by any DEA-registered pharmacy.” Keep in mind that things could change soon on the federal level: The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) sent an Aug. 19 letter, recommending to the DEA that cannabis be rescheduled and moved to the Schedule III drug category, making the substance legally accessible through a prescription at the federal level, which would make it legal in Georgia pharmacies. Last October, President Joe Biden requested that the HHS secretary and attorney general conduct a review of the classification of cannabis under federal law, and they did so. “No one should be in jail just for using or possessing marijuana,” Biden said Oct. 6. Since Georgia only allows low-THC and CBD cannabis products, it’s unlikely people seeking a high are going to go through its medical program. Smart Approaches to Marijuana (SAM) celebrated the blow to medical cannabis patients in a news release, posting the memo on their website. Opponents said Georgia’s program that supplies low-THC cannabis oil to patients “flies in the face of the position of every major medical association.” NORML explains that Georgia’s low-THC medical cannabis law only allows for cannabis oils containing not more than 5% THC and an amount of CBD equal to or greater than the amount of THC. Today strains of cannabis in other states can exceed 30% THC. And then in Georgia, it has to be stored in a pharmaceutical container labeled by the manufacturer indicating the percentage of THC. “The Georgia Pharmacy Board’s move to allow the sale of THC oils over the counter in drugstores is a disaster for public health because it implies an FDA endorsement of these dangerous, psychoactive products that can have very serious consequences for users, especially young people,” said SAM President Kevin Sabet. “The DEA’s repudiation of this policy is good news for consumers, and I applaud their affirming the federal government’s position that marijuana is not medicine.  “As we’ve stated clearly throughout this debate, THC drugs are not medicine and federal law makes clear sales of marijuana and non-prescription THC drugs are illegal.The Board’s decision to allow pharmacies to dispense unregulated THC oils flies in the face of the position of every major medical association, Surgeons General appointed by both parties, the FDA, and the DEA.  “Unlike with prescription medications, there is no legitimate dosing regimen or other quality control mechanism in place for these drugs. THC oils are often so high in potency that any level of consumption could be dangerous to physical and mental health. Pharmacies found to be violating federal law should be shut down immediately and face the harshest penalties under the law.” Georgia’s own anti-cannabis reform organization, Georgians for Responsible Marijuana Policy, also responded.  “I imagine, in the short term, the pharmacies who started dispensing medical marijuana would have to stop or risk a confrontation with the DEA,” Michael Mumper of Georgians for Responsible Marijuana Policy told 11Alive. “You know, there’s always been that tension between marijuana being illegal at the national level, while 38 states have approved it for medical reasons and 24 now for recreational reasons. There was always that tension about where is the federal government going to draw the line. Where Georgia went the furthest is that they were the first state in the country to have pharmacies dispense medical marijuana. And so I think they just pushed the DEA to a certain point.” But Georgia’s pharmacies supply patients, often who have run out of options. “We believe that this is an important thing,” Ira Katz of Little Five Points Pharmacy in Atlanta told 11Alive a month ago, “because who better than your independent pharmacist, who knows your history and knows your medical history, is able to best dispense medical marijuana?” It’s unlikely Georgia pharmacies will be able to continue dispensing cannabis oil as-is.

https://hightimes.com/

Ohio Congressman To File Federal Cannabis Legalization Bill

Republican U.S. Representative David Joyce of Ohio will soon introduce a new bill to legalize cannabis at the federal level, according to a report from Forbes published on Wednesday.  The new legislation is characterized as a “modernized” version of a bill Joyce introduced in 2019 known as the STATES Act. Although the measure has not yet been formally introduced in the House of Representatives, a draft of Joyce’s new bill is titled the STATES 2.0 Act.  If passed, the legislation would remove cannabis from Schedule l of the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, cannabis products that are grown or manufactured outside of a state-regulated market would remain illegal under federal law, allowing states that do not want to legalize marijuana a way to maintain prohibition within their jurisdictions. “States and [Native American] tribes have had enough with the federal government’s half-in-half-out approach that is applied without rhyme or reason,” Joyce, the co-chair of the Congressional Cannabis Caucus, told Forbes in an interview. “Numerous tribes and over 40 states now, including my own, have made it clear that the federal government needs to support their cannabis laws. I’m hopeful this legislation will do just that.” Despite the popularity of cannabis legalization, political leaders in many states would prefer to keep recreational marijuana illegal. With provisions that maintain the federal illegality of marijuana produced outside of a regulated market, Joyce’s bill allows states to take the lead on cannabis policy. “This legislation would make it the federal government’s policy to recognize and legitimize the decisions of each state,” said a spokesperson for the congressman. “If the state decides they want to remain prohibitory, the federal government will provide enforcement, if a state decides they want to legalize, the federal government will provide regulation.” Joyce’s bill tasks the U.S. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) with regulating cannabis at the federal level, similar to the agency’s responsibilities for regulating alcohol. The TTB would issue permits for state-regulated cannabis companies, maintain a track-and-trace system to monitor the production and movement of marijuana and cannabis products, collect taxes and enforce penalties. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) would be responsible for regulating cannabis-infused foods and products that make medical claims under the authority of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act.  The federal government’s activities to regulate cannabis would be funded by a federal excise tax, although the bill does not include a specific tax rate. The legislation does, however, call for federal taxes to be set “low enough so as not to exacerbate state taxes,” according to the Forbes report. Joyce’s bill does not prohibit the interstate trade of cannabis, setting the stage for a truly national market for regulated cannabis. The regulated cannabis industry would also be free of an IRS regulation known as 280e that denies most standard business tax business, a development that would prop up the industry rife with operators struggling to make ends meet because of high taxes and regulatory fees. Shawn Hauser,  a partner at the cannabis law firm Vicente LLP, said that under the bill, “cannabis activity in legal, regulated states would no longer be considered trafficking under the CSA and would be subject to federal regulation and protections, while federal illegality would be upheld in states who have not yet legalized marijuana.” “This gives us a clear, immediate path to resolving the federal-state cannabis conflict,” Hauser wrote in an email to High Times. “This bill is a promising development as it is a state rights approach preferred by opponents of legalization.” Andrew Freedman, the executive director of the Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit Coalition for Cannabis Policy, Education and Regulation, collaborated with Joyce and his staff on the bill. He sees this legislation as an avenue to appeal to lawmakers who are currently against reforming the nation’s marijuana laws. “Despite cannabis pulling at 70%, it remains extremely divisive,” said Freedman. “If we’re going move forward as a country on this, we’re going have to acknowledge the realities of the fact that over half of America now has access to adult-use cannabis, while not saying this has to happen everywhere.” Freedman added that he believes Joyce’s bill could gain support in Congress, despite the dysfunction in the House of Representatives that culminated with the removal of California GOP Representative Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House in October. “Because it has something today that is helpful to states that don’t want legalization, it has a political power that potentially no other bill has,” Freedman said. “In theory, this has everything that a Republican should want, while moving away from the nonsensical stance the federal government has had on cannabis.” Joyce drafted the new STATES 2.0 Act in collaboration with several other lawmakers, at least some of whom are expected to sign on as co-sponsors of the legislation. Joyce’s legislative team also received input from stakeholders and groups including Americans for Prosperity, a conservative political advocacy organization founded by billionaire Charles Koch. A spokesperson for Joyce said that the congressman expects to introduce the bill in the House of Representatives sometime this week. “This is a significant step in the right direction for cannabis reform! Removing marijuana from Schedule I is long overdue, and the STATES 2.0 Act addresses two major concerns for the industry: the unfair 280e tax burden and the limitations on interstate commerce,” Jeffrey M. Zucker, president of Denver-based cannabis consulting firm Green Lion Partners, tells High Times. “Both of these changes are crucial for the responsible growth and development of the legal cannabis market.”

https://hightimes.com/

Study: Psilocybin A Promising Treatment For Depression in Bipolar Patients

A study, published this month in the journal JAMA Psychiatry, sought to determine whether “a single psychedelic dose of psilocybin with psychotherapy demonstrate[s] evidence for efficacy and/or safety in drug-free, treatment-resistant participants with bipolar II depression.” The researchers conducted a 12-week, open-label nonrandomized controlled trial conducted at Sheppard Pratt Hospital involving 15 individuals with bipolar II depression, ultimately concluding that “most participants met remission criteria on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale 3 weeks after a single 25-mg psilocybin dose, and most remained in remission 12 weeks postdose with no increase in mania/hypomania symptoms or suicidality.” “The findings suggest efficacy and safety of psilocybin in bipolar II depression and support further study of psychedelics in this population,” the researchers said.  The researchers noted that, to their knowledge, their nonrandomized controlled trial marked “the first prospective and systematic, albeit noncomparator, study reporting clinical experience with psilocybin dosing and psychotherapy in a cohort of individuals with BDII currently experiencing a major depressive episode.”  “The 15 participants in this trial had well-documented treatment-resistant BDII depression of marked severity and a lengthy duration of the current depressive episode. Individuals in this study displayed strong and persistent antidepressant effects, with no signal of worsening mood instability or increased suicidality. As a first open-label foray into this underserved and treatment-resistant population, care should be taken not to overinterpret the findings. Administration of a psychedelic agent under carefully controlled and supportive conditions may yield distinct effects compared to self-report surveys on recreational use of psychedelics by people with BD,” the researchers explained. In conclusion, they said that the findings “support further study of psychedelics in the BDII population.”  “Consideration should be given as to whether administration of psilocybin affects the high risk of substance use disorders in the BD population. It is premature to extrapolate these data to the BDI population, who are at higher risk of mania and psychosis,” they said. Researchers continue to explore the potential of psilocybin –– the hallucinogenic compound found in psychedelic mushrooms –– to treat depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, among others. One recent study suggested that combining traditional medication with a microdose of psilocybin could be an effective treatment for patients with ADHD. Such encouraging findings have prompted lawmakers at the state and federal level to push for drug reform in order to make psychedelics like psilocybin accessible to patients who could benefit from the treatment. Military veterans have been at the forefront in the push for psychedelic treatment in the United States. A bipartisan bill introduced by a pair of Wisconsin lawmakers last month would aim to give veterans in the Badger State a path to receiving psilocybin treatment for PTSD. The measure “would create “a new separate nonlapsible trust fund designated as the medicinal psilocybin treatment fund and establishes a pilot program to study the effects of medicinal psilocybin treatment on patients with post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD).” Under the terms of the bill, the pilot program would be created by “the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in collaboration with that institution’s Transdisciplinary Center for Research in Psychoactive Substances and its School of Pharmacy.” The board “must ensure that no health information disclosed in the course of conducting the program contains personally identifiable information,” and the researchers overseeing the program “must create reports for the governor and the appropriate standing committees of the legislature regarding progress of the pilot program and the studies conducted as part of the program.”  “The individuals eligible to participate in the pilot program must be veterans who are 21 years of age or older and who suffer from treatment-resistant PTSD. Individuals who are law enforcement officers are not eligible to participate in the pilot program study. The psilocybin therapy provided by the pilot program must be provided through pathways approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration, and the research accomplished in the pilot program may be accomplished in conjunction with other medications approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration,” the bill’s summary said. The medicinal psilocybin treatment fund created by the bill would consist of “donations, gifts, grants, bequests, moneys transferred from the general fund, and all earnings and other investment income of the fund,” while the trust fund would be “managed by the State of Wisconsin Investment Board.” One of the bill’s sponsors, Republican state Sen. Jesse James, a veteran of the Gulf War, said that Wisconsin is stepping up because Washington has failed to act. “Our federal government has failed us when it comes to marijuana and the psilocybin and all these other variants that are out there in doing these studies,” James said last month. “So, if states have to take it upon themselves to do it, then I guess that’s what we should be doing.”

https://hightimes.com/

Cold Weather Infused Dishes To Enjoy This Winter

Winter offers up a delicious array of dishes that tantalize the taste buds and warm the soul. As an introvert who appreciates the comforts of the indoors, relishing in flavorful DIY meals is an exciting journey–even better when the recipe includes pot.  A world of options awaits this season. For a taste of the potential infusions of DIY winter food and weed, I’ve connected with talented chefs. They’ve graciously shared some simple-enough recipes for infused condiments, dishes, desserts, and drinks. What we know today as edibles started to take off around the mid-20th century. Regional and often ceremonial usage was common centuries before. The modern edible is often placed back to 1954 when The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook featured a “Haschich Fudge” recipe by Brion Gysin. The recipe consisted of a mix of black peppercorns, nutmeg, cinnamon, coriander, and pulverized Cannabis sativa.   Today, weed is infused into a multitude of ingredients, sauces and condiments, including the following two options: Butternut squash puree by William “Chef Whisk” Cothren Serves 2-3 people Ingredients: Recipe: 1. Preheat oven to 425°F and line a large baking sheet with parchment paper  2. To roast the squash, cut in half and core, score the flesh, then place cut side up onto the baking sheet. Drizzle 1 tablespoon Of oil on each side, place half the garlic bulb inside each squash core and sprinkle the rosemary on top.  3. Bake 30-40 minutes or until tender  4. While waiting for this to roast, cut up the cabbage, beets and ginger. Combine in a medium saucepan with 1 tablespoon of oil and 1 tablespoon of soy sauce. Sautee for 7-10 minutes on medium heat. Remove and set aside. 5. Remove squash from the oven and allow it to cool slightly to touch. Separate the rosemary and set it aside for later.  6. Scoop out the squash with a spoon and discard the skin, do the same with the garlic cloves. Combine both in a food processor with 1/4 cup milk, seasoning of choice, salt as needed and pepper. Blend until smooth.  7. In a medium pot add the puree on low to medium heat, allow to simmer and not boil for 5-10 minutes. Then remove from heat. 8. Plate the puree, top with the cabbage stir fry and sprinkle the rosemary you set aside on top.  9. Drizzle with desired amount of infused olive oil and enjoy responsibly. Infused Cranberry and Guava Chutney by Chef Nick E, Owner, The Herbal Creative Kitchen Ingredients: Instructions: A nearly endless amount of ingredients and condiments allow for an equal or more significant number of dosed dishes to be created. From morning to night and that late-night munchie snack, the following represent a minute fraction of the delicious dishes you can infuse. Fluffy Banana Pancakes with Maple Butter by Christina Wong Dosing recommendations: Ingredients: Cannabutter* Maple Butter Pancakes  Directions: 1. Make Cannabutter*  2. Make Maple Butter: In a small bowl, vigorously whisk together room temperature cannabutter, maple syrup, cinnamon, and salt until creamy and smooth. The mixture will be runny if warm, chill in the fridge for a few minutes and whisk again until the consistency feels more like custard. Set aside, or place in the fridge until ready to use.  3. Make Pancakes:  4. Plate + Decorate Pancake Stacks: Place about 1 tablespoon of maple butter on the pancake stacks until it melts into the pancakes – place on top or spread a little between each pancake. Add sliced bananas and chopped nuts (optional) on top, and drizzle with additional maple syrup if desired.  Infused Cherry Tomato Soup by Chef Jordan Wagman Serves approximately four people What you’ll need: Recipe: Desserts helped kick off the modern edible movement back in the ‘50s. Since then, just about every type of food has found a way to be infused. But when discussing edibles, we shouldn’t overlook the potential of beverages. When paired together, an infused dessert and beverage may pair perfectly as an end-of-night treat. Peppermint Sugar Cookie by Matha Figaro, Founder, ButACake  Ingredients: Instructions: Stoners Spiced Ciderby Edible Dee Serves 12 drinks Ingredients: Directions: Try these dishes or whichever else leaves you feeling warm, satisfied, and high this winter. Enjoy! 

https://hightimes.com/

Japan Amends Cannabis Law Allowing for Medicinal Products, Criminalizing Rec Use

Like many other Asian countries, cannabis in Japan is illegal for both medicinal and recreational use. Though even with some of the world’s strictest cannabis-related laws, the future for cannabis in Japan looks just a little brighter as a recent move has opened the door to potentially usher in a new medicinal cannabis and industrial hemp industry in the country… though it doesn’t come without its caveats. On Wednesday, a majority vote in Japan’s House of Councillors passed a revision of the country’s Cannabis Control Law. It effectively lifted the ban on cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals along with establishing new criminal penalties for the use of cannabis, first reported by Japan News. The previous law prohibited administering or taking cannabis-derived medicines, but the revised law deleted this provision and reclassified cannabis under the “narcotics” category within the Narcotics Control Law. This effectively made it legal to use medicine derived from cannabis in Japan, once efficacy and safety are confirmed and approved by the pharmaceutical affairs bodies. Previously, pharmaceuticals derived from cannabis were only allowed to be used in clinical trials. Given the efficacy of cannabinoids in treating epilepsy, among many other conditions, there have been increasing calls in the country to lift the previous ban. However, the revised laws also introduced a prohibition on unauthorized cannabis use, setting a prison sentence of up to seven years for violations, per Japan Times. The country previously only criminalized the import, export, cultivation, transferring and possession of cannabis. The lack of criminalization for cannabis use was partially to protect farmers who may inadvertently adsorb plant compounds while growing it for use in hemp products. This change was due in part to growing concerns around cannabis use in young people, as arrests for cannabis (particularly among younger demographics) have increased more than for any other drug in recent years. In 2021, Japan saw a record number of arrests with 5,783 and approximately 70% of those individuals were in their 20s or younger.  While they supported lifting the ban on medicinal cannabis, the left-leaning political party Reiwa Shinsengumi opposed the amendments to the Cannabis Control Law that created new criminal penalties for cannabis use. “What previously had no penalties will now be harshly punished, with a maximum of seven years in prison. I opposed the bill because there is a serious problem here,” said Rep. Taro Yamamoto, leader of the party. It’s likely that the government will also define permitted levels of THC in cannabis-derived products over time. Currently CBD and other hemp-derived products can be legally imported into Japan, so long as there is no observable level of THC and it’s been derived through “stalks and seeds.” When it comes to the country’s already-booming CBD and hemp industries, the amendment will likely allow for products derived from flower to be imported into Japan legally so long as THC content falls within the newly defined limit. The new amendment also requires the government to establish a framework to promote hemp cultivation within Japan, which could lessen the country’s reliance on imports. The government is set to increase the number of cultivation licenses in the country by changing the current Cannabis Control Act to the Law Concerning Regulation of the Cultivation of Cannabis Plants.  With that, Japan will issue two types of grower licenses: One, which is already available, allows for farmers to grow and harvest industrial hemp, and the other will allow for cannabis production pertaining for medical or pharmaceutical use. The latter license type will be new for Japan. The revision is expected to be enacted within a year of promulgation, and changes surrounding cannabis cultivation licenses are expected to come in two years.

https://hightimes.com/

Six Governors Push Biden To Reschedule Pot in Open Letter

Governors across America are tired of waiting for President Joe Biden to fulfill his goal to swiftly determine if the country should reschedule cannabis at the federal level—leading six of them to urge the president in a letter to do something after months of inaction. Colorado Gov. Jared Polis, Illinois Gov. J.B. Pritzker, Louisiana Gov. John Bel Edwards, Maryland Gov. Wes Moore, New York Gov. Kathy Hochul, and New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy urged the president to take action in a letter dated Dec. 5, given that it’s been 10 years since the first states legalized adult-use pot (starting with Colorado and Washington). Polis led the effort to send the Biden administration the letter. The Governors applauded the president for reconsidering the classification of cannabis and encouraged the federal government to reschedule cannabis. Polis expressed the Governors’ hope that the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) will reschedule cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III this year.  Americans overwhelmingly support legal cannabis, Pew Research found. Nearly 88% of Americans said they are in favor of legalization for medical and adult-use cannabis. Doing so, they said, would rectify cannabis’s outdated classification, which is long overdue and puts small businesses and public safety at risk.  “This decision by a leading federal health agency comes on the heels of 38 states creating their own state markets and complementary regulatory systems. In some cases, these state regimes have thrived for more than a decade, and this recommendation by FDA is a real testament to their success. It’s a signal that FDA and the Department of Health and Human Services [HHS] have faith in state regulators and the regulations that they have promulgated to keep citizens safe,” the Governors wrote. The DEA only adheres to its own analysis, however, and is not necessarily bound by the HHS’s recommendation, Reuters reported, though many other experts predicted the DEA would act on their recommendation. Only a major administrative action or an act of Congress could create major change towards ending the prohibition of cannabis. They acknowledged the enormous impact federal law has upon cannabis businesses, forcing them to do business in cash, and also putting them at risk for violent crime, which High Times has documented again and again. “Economically, rescheduling to Schedule III will alleviate restrictions of Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code, allowing cannabis-related businesses to take ordinary business deductions—just like every other American business,” the letter reads. “Economists estimate that this will save$1.8 billion per year by shifting cannabis companies to a standard federal corporate rate of 21% versus the up to 80% effective tax rate they face now.” Rescheduling pot would allow cannabis-related businesses to take ordinary tax deductions, like any other business, and it would not only alleviate financial and safety concerns for businesses but allow the cannabis industry to play a full role in the American business landscape.  Regulated cannabis that undergoes lab-testing, etc. is safer than alternatives and has been linked to reduced rates of opioid abuse, opioid-related hospitalizations, traffic fatalities, drug treatment admissions, and overdose deaths.  “There is, and will continue to be, a significant consumer demand for cannabis. That fact will not change regardless of the public policy choices that we make.” The Governors wrote So, it seems obvious and sensible to us to make cannabis as safe as it can be for adult consumers while simultaneously protecting our children. The state-regulated marketplace does just that. If the state-legal marketplace doesn’t survive, then we will see unsafe products on every street corner,” the Governors continued. Stocks soared as Biden released an announcement on Oct. 6, 2022, urging the of Health and Human Services and the Attorney General to consider reclassifying pot, which was the first indicator that it could actually happen. “I am asking the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Attorney General to initiate the administrative process to review expeditiously how marijuana is scheduled under federal law.  Federal law currently classifies marijuana in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, the classification meant for the most dangerous substances.  This is the same schedule as for heroin and LSD, and even higher than the classification of fentanyl and methamphetamine – the drugs that are driving our overdose epidemic.  Several months ago, Polis sent a letter to Biden on Sept. 5 regarding the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) recommendation for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to reschedule cannabis from a Schedule I substance to a Schedule III substance. “We are pleased to hear that you have recently received Health and Human Services’s (HHS) recommendation to move cannabis to Schedule III,” Polis wrote in his letter. “It’s about time.”

https://hightimes.com/

Health for Life Celebrates A Decade in Arizona

Health for Life (H4L) has been a leader in Arizona’s cannabis industry since their founding a decade ago, making them one of the earliest dispensaries in the state to still be operational. In honor of that milestone, High Times recently spoke to Josh Gile, H4L’s Director of Retail Operations for Arizona, to learn how they are coping with changing regulations and a changing climate in one of the hottest states in America.  Gile has been with H4L almost the entire time, since the MPX days, and has seen the business grow and expand across the state. What started with one location in Cave Creek, quickly became a second in Elsworth, both celebrating their ten year anniversaries this fall. H4L has since added locations in Crismon and McDowell, delivers to medical patients around the state, and is vertically integrated to grow and manufacture their own house brand products. In addition to selling their house brands at their own dispensaries, H4L provides “wholesale products to over 50% of the retailers throughout the state.” While Gile now uses cannabis, he is the first to admit, “I didn’t come from a cannabis background.” He used to work for the sheriff’s department, until medical leave forced him to find other employment. He was introduced to cannabis and CBD products which he said, “helped me get off a lot of the medications I was on.” Thanks to his background in law enforcement, Gile handles the compliance for H4L in Arizona. Every state legalizes and regulates cannabis in different ways, and some states, like Arizona, have some very unique quirks in their regulations that have posed interesting challenges for H4L and other cannabis operators.  The first major hurdle for Arizona’s medical cannabis industry came just three years after legalization in 2013, when a cannabis patient named Rodney Jones was arrested and sent to jail for 3.5 years for possession of a cannabis concentrate. That kicked off a six year long legal battle over the fate of cannabis concentrates in Arizona, something that activists, the industry, and eventually the state supreme court all said had been entirely legal the whole time. “I remember those days before 2019 and people were scared,” said Gile, who noted they did not stop selling concentrates while the court battle played out. The biggest issue he noted was for their vendors, “we had vendors going almost two hours out of their way to avoid some counties up north, because if they were caught the law enforcement would go after them.”  Currently, a major project for the Arizona Dispensary Association, which H4L is a member of, is lobbying to regulate delta-8 products like THC products. “We had a push in Arizona to regulate delta-8 like delta-9 products,” said Gile, “there are a lot of delta-8 carts out here, they’re essentially black market.” Another situation playing out in Arizona and around the country is the naming of cannabis cultivars. In Arizona it specifically has to do with strain names that could appeal to children, such as Candyland or the Cookies, which were both deemed to appeal to children. “Just the Cookies is a problem, but Bubba Cookies is fine,” Gile noted, which is a relief as H4L is selling Bubba Cookies and would rather not have to rename it, like they did with their Dark Knight, which is now “Black Knight.” As someone who has written a book on budtender training, I had to ask Gile about the big question for anyone who wants to work for a dispensary, what kind of training do they need to have? Do they want people who have a certification like that from Ganjier or The Trichome Institute’s Interpening program? What about going to college for cannabis classes? And when it comes to their work background, what other professions do well at H4L’s dispensaries? When it comes to employees taking cannabis training courses, “It’s not necessarily a preference.” Gile noted that while both the University of Arizona and Paradise Community College have cannabis classes, H4L doesn’t “seek those people out and we prefer some type of industry experience.” While industry experience is preferred, there is plenty of space for hires from industries like retail sales or food service. “We hire a lot of baristas, like 4 out of 20 employees at one dispensary are all former baristas,” said Gile. “That customer service, that hustle, that drive is what we are looking for,” Gile said, adding “We can teach anyone about the PoS systems, the laws, and product education” through regular vendor trainings and thorough training on their house brands.  While H4L operates four dispensaries around Arizona, iAnthus, their parent company, has 29 dispensaries across 11 states, as well as other verticals like manufacturing and cultivation. That means every region they operate in can share their skills and expertise with the others, for example, Gile said, “Florida has a rosin line and we don’t so we regularly share best practices.” They’re working on adding rosin to their line up in Arizona, which right now includes disposables and live resin sold under their MPX brand and cured resin products sold by their Black Label brand. Gile was proud that iAnthus was so impressed by Arizona’s MPX brand, that they “picked it up for other states to bring Arizona’s best practices to other states.” The power of house brands isn’t just the sharing of knowledge among different state operations, but also the ability to produce at a scale unlike most other cannabis businesses, which means lower prices for customers. According to Gile, the Black Label is “the best price you can get for your money, terp sugars and other top end concentrates testing over 80% THC will go for $10 a gram.” Even the higher quality live resins sold by MPX are just $40 a gram or $18 for a diamond roll, which Gile described as the “best flower [combined] with our diamonds to make an infused preroll” from growers like Alien Labs and True Med.  It isn’t just about value, it is also about quality, and H4L’s MPX brand has won multiple awards from High Times, including Best THC Cartridges of 2018 and Cannabis Cup Winner – Indica 2019. Thanks to that high quality and low price, their house brands make up a little over 30% of all sales. Operating a cannabis business in different parts of the United States will have specific challenges depending on where you are, for example, earthquakes and wildfires in California or frigid temperatures in New England. In Arizona, H4L is dealing with record breaking heat, specifically almost two solid months of 110 degree weather, which poses challenges to all their operations.  That heat makes cultivation more difficult and costly, and means that dispensary sales may take a hit as customers choose to stay home and avoid driving in dangerously high temperatures. That heat also means H4L needs specially equipped vehicles if they ever want their products to reach customers without melting. “We have a distribution hub that will bring products to our stores and they use huge refrigerated vans so when we get our live rosin and other products they are all kept cold,” Gile said. Currently, state law only allows for delivery to medical cannabis patients, but that is all likely to change next year as Arizona finalizes their adult use delivery rules, and H4L is already figuring out the specifics of how they will keep delivering top quality to cannabis customers around Arizona. 

https://hightimes.com/

New York Details Latest Efforts To Crack Down on Unlicensed Weed Businesses

New York’s state cannabis regulatory agency this week detailed its latest action to crack down on unlicensed cannabis shops. The New York Office of Cannabis Management (OCM) released a report on its efforts, noting it was the second in a monthly series of enforcement action updates against unlicensed cannabis shops across the State. The agency reported that during November, investigators from OCM and the New York Department of Taxation and Finance (DTF) inspected 71 shops suspected of selling cannabis without a license, including re-inspections of 13 of the retailers. The inspections resulted in the seizure of 812 pounds of cannabis flower, 701 pounds of weed edibles and 61 pounds of concentrates. The OCM estimated the value of the seized weed products to be $7,284,986. Last month’s enforcement actions brought to 350 the OCM’s total number of inspections of suspected unlicensed weed shops since beginning the effort in October. The agency, which was created after New York lawmakers legalized cannabis in the state in 2021, pledged to continue inspections of illicit cannabis retailers in conjunction with DTF investigators every week. The OCM also reported on court victories in its effort to reign in New York’s unlicensed cannabis market. On November 21, OCM, in collaboration with the Office of the Attorney General (OAG), won its first petition for emergency relief under a new section of the state’s cannabis law that went into effect earlier this year. In the case, the court issued a permanent injunction and one-year permanent closing order against unlicensed operator David Tulley of “I’m Stuck” in Wayne County. The Court agreed with OCM and the OAG that Tulley had engaged in the unlicensed sale of cannabis and rejected Tulley’s argument that the “cannabis consulting business model” did not require a state-issued license. “This victory established an important precedent allowing the State to seek longer term closures for businesses found to be illegally selling cannabis,” the OCM noted in a December 4 statement from the agency. Additionally, on November 9 OCM and OAG secured a temporary restraining order and temporary order to close and padlock a shop against the unlicensed operator George West of Jaydega 7.0 in Canandaigua, New York. A hearing on the request for a permanent injunction and closure of the retailer is scheduled for next month in Ontario County Supreme Court.  Fines for the illegal sale of cannabis start at $10,000 per day and can be increased to $20,000 for the most “egregious conduct,” the OCM noted. An additional fine of $5,000 can be levied for the removal of a closure order, and the inspected businesses may also be subject to additional violations and penalties under the state’s tax laws. Enforcement legislation passed in May 2023 also authorizes OCM to seek a state court order to padlock businesses found to be in repeated violation of the law. The new law also makes it a crime to sell cannabis and cannabis products without a license. “As we look ahead to this next chapter in New York’s cannabis market, we continue to prioritize safety across the state by working diligently to shut down illegal operators,” OCM executive director Chris Alexander said in a statement on Monday. “The number one remedy for the problem of these illicit shops is getting more legal businesses open.” “New Yorkers want to know where their products are coming from, and they know they can rely on safe, trusted, and locally grown cannabis when they walk into one of our legal dispensaries,” Alexander added. “We will continue to seize illegal products, and we know that the collaborative work continues across all levels of government to address this public health crisis.” Michelle Bodian, a partner in the New York office of the Vicente LLP and a member of the cannabis law firm’s licensing and regulatory compliance efforts in the state, said that much more action from regulators will be required before the illicit market can be contained. “I appreciate that OCM is making an effort to be more transparent with the status of enforcement efforts; however, based upon these stats it seems like NY has a long road ahead,” Bodian wrote in an email to High Times. “I am cautiously optimistic the education and collaboration with municipalities will result in a rapid uptick in enforcement.”

https://hightimes.com/

Fling: Finally A Dating Site Focused on Quality Users

Have you found yourself enjoying a tasty Jeeter on a cold winter night but wishing you had a special someone to relax with? Maybe just a special connection or possibly a soulmate who shares your philosophy for living a life with no drama. That’s where Fling delivers. Fling has built a like minded community of users that are positive, laid-back and inclusive. Quality profiles are the focus so users with verified photos, and filled out profiles, get better rankings. There are plenty of features that make it easy to match, connect, and see where it goes. Good times and great vibes ahead. Experts have agreed that having common interests is one of the most influential aspects of relationship compatibility. So whether you’re looking for a friend or someone to marry similar hobbies or other leisure activities like kicking back with a dab will make a better experience for you both. In fact, 64% of couples polled in one study said they believed having shared interests with their partner was the reason they had a successful relationship.Fling has profiles with interests front and center so you can find like minded people. Fling makes it easy to try things out too because registering and communicating with matches is free. Sounds nice to match with someone who would enjoy kicking back and smoking or watching a movie, doesn’t it? Or someone who enjoys reading and good music? With interests front and center it will be easy to find just the right person. Fling makes it super easy to get going. You can register in minutes and if you want to you can work directly with a live agent to get your photos verified. This will immediately increase the amount of activity your account gets greatly. With tons of search filter options, you can sort through other profiles for your next match.  Fling also has a robust Match Game. You can adjust the filters so you can restrict the results to age, location and even hobbies. Fling lets you know if you’ve got a mutual match so you can reach out and kick things off with someone new. The chat and video chat features help you to get to know a person before a date. Video chat 1 on 1 or in the chat rooms with many users just hanging out. There are all different kinds of rooms to browse through so you can find friends with common interests. Besides being able to choose from search filters like appearance, ethnicity, religion, marital status, income, and language you can also only show users who are online now, profiles with photos, or profiles with verified photos. Looking for users that are already online greatly increases the chances of getting a successful conversation going. One of the other most popular search filters lets you search by what kind of relationship you’re looking for. This makes it simple and easy to connect with just a new friend or someone you might want to eventually tie the knot with. What about finding other smoke enthusiasts? You can look for that in the list users put for their hobbies. For example, you could search for “blonde” and “smokes” to find people who have certain terms listed in their profiles. It’s an easy way to quickly connect with someone who shares your passion and interest in kicking back. Dating can be stressful. Why make it worse by getting all worried about whether or not your connection will turn into something special or just an awkward first date? Skip the stress and use Fling to test the waters. Have a virtual smoke sesh to hang with with your potential match without the pressure of an in-person meetup. Not only does it keep things low-key, but it also adds an extra layer of safety. Take a hit, share a laugh, and build that connection from the comfort of your favorite smoking spot. Not up to a video chat? The normal chat features make it easy to mesh with someone new or share pictures without having to talk. No matter what you’re feeling, the chat and video chat features make it easy to connect without all the pressure. Fling is the place to find real verified users and matches with similar interests and take them to the next level. There are over 1 million verified photos as of the time of this post. With a relaxed feel, great search options, and the added layer of safety from ways to connect through video and chat features, you could easily find a potential match or even a soulmate! So put that Hulu on pause and go find someone cool to take to the U2 concert at the Sphere… it’s epic! 😉

https://hightimes.com/

Five Ways To Boost Your Endocannabinoid System

If there aren’t enough reasons already, add more leafy greens to your diet. Research has shown that leafy greens rich with the terpene beta-caryophyllene activate the CB2 receptor in mice models. Beta-caryophyllene is also believed to show promise in combating inflammatory conditions and autoimmune disorders. Besides cannabis, beta-caryophyllene can be found in broccoli, basil, oregano, and rosemary, as well as many other common spices. Beta-caryophyllene may also reduce paranoia and some of the unwanted effects of cannabis. Alternatively, foods high in fat and carbs appear to be counteractive and lower the activity of the CB1 receptor. Once you exercise stoned, you’ll never go back. Take our word for it. Get your runner’s high on! Medium- to high-intensity exercise has been shown to boost anandamide levels—the first endocannabinoid to be identified—and activate the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Research also has demonstrated that exercise significantly upregulates (increases signaling of) CB1 receptors and enhances CB1 receptor sensitivity. Anecdotal reports suggest that a brisk exercise for 20 minutes or more will make a significant difference and increase the pleasant effects from this phenomenon.  If you’re not getting high enough you might not be incorporating enough omega-3 fatty acids in your diet. Research of mice models has shown that omega-3 fatty acids increase the synthesis of endocannabinoids and upregulate both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. The downside is that most people probably don’t consume enough omega-3 fatty acids to make a significant difference. However salmon or cod liver oil contain higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Some scientists have suggested that CB1 receptors may not even form correctly without the presence of omega-3 fatty acids, so every stoner should make sure they include them in their diet. A cold shower will not only tighten your pores but potentially provide other benefits as well. Early evidence from mice models suggests that exposure to cold has been shown to increase endocannabinoid levels. Researchers observed that cold exposure was significantly linked to an increased density of CB1 receptors. According to anecdotal reports, a cold shower for at least 30 seconds will make a difference. Cold showers are somewhat unpleasant, however, so it takes a bit of practice to get used to 30 uninterrupted seconds under cold water. Say Geronimo and jump in! Chronic stress could be harshing your high before you even smoke, so find ways to reduce stress. It’s easier said than done, right? Chronic and emotional stress has been shown in rat models to downregulate CB1 receptors. High cortisol levels for prolonged periods of time, typically caused by stressful circumstances, also was shown to significantly reduce the ability of cannabinoids to bind CB1 receptors. Furthermore, researchers say there is evidence to suggest that the ECS needs to be functioning properly in order to adequately deal with stress in the first place. Maybe meditate or do another activity to chill out before you begin a session.

https://hightimes.com/

Judge Blocks Suspended Massachusetts Cannabis Commission Chair’s Hearing

In September, Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission Treasurer Deborah Goldberg suspended Chairwoman Shannon O’Brien from her position, just a year after she was chosen to take on the role. Three people have held the chair since the commission was first created in 2018, though there was limited information as to why O’Brien received the suspension — until now. Last week, court filings revealed an October letter authored by Goldberg to O’Brien, where she accused her of making “racially, ethnically and culturally insensitive statements,” CBS News reports. On Tuesday, O’Brien was scheduled to appear in a hearing that could have potentially led to her firing, though a judge made the decision to suspend the meeting to a later date after O’Brien’s team indicated they were unprepared for the meeting and objected to some of the stipulations surrounding it. Goldberg is now enjoined from holding the meeting until the court holds a hearing on O’Brien’s motion for a preliminary injunction, which is prompting the court to outline procedures for an eventual meeting between the two, “and until further order of the court.” Superior Court Judge Debra Squires-Lee requested that the clerk schedule a hearing on the injunction motion in 20 days. “The ruling by the court today is the first step in getting my good reputation back after ten weeks of being smeared by the actions of Treasurer Goldberg in suspending me with no process in place for a fair and impartial hearing,” O’Brien said in a statement Tuesday. “The Treasurer wanted a private meeting with little or no procedural safeguards where she would be the judge, jury and executioner. The Treasurer, in her own words to me in a private meeting before nominating me as Chair, told me I needed to clean up the mess and dysfunction of the Cannabis Control Commission (CCC). Instead, the Treasurer has plunged the CCC into even more chaos.” Goldberg’s communications director Andrew Naplitano said that the offices “respect[s] the court’s ruling” and indicated that the treasurer is ready to hear from O’Brien as soon as possible. New details emerged on Friday, Dec. 1. Goldberg claimed O’Brien made a remark referring to an Asian person as “yellow.” Goldberg also alleges that O’Brien yelled at her executive assistant, along with inappropriately referencing a former executive director as “missing in action” while he was on paternity leave. Goldberg also claimed that other staffers made allegations against O’Brien, referencing her behavior and creating a hostile work environment, at which point other investigators were called in. O’Brien had allegedly said, “I should have cleaned it up. It’s difficult sometimes to know how to say the right thing.” O’Brien, who previously served as state treasurer and was a Democratic nominee for governor, said she is seeking a fair hearing process after her suspension. In September, she sued Goldberg over the suspension and claimed it was without merit. O’Brien says that her career and reputation are on the line and sought an injunction to stop the private meeting on Tuesday to challenge her suspension, claiming the procedure is unfair and that the state treasurer should not be in charge of making the decision. She also objected to the hearing being private. In court filings, O’Brien’s attorney Max Stern wrote, “under the circumstances the only likely outcome, unless relief is granted by this court, is that she will not only lose her job, but will go down in history as the former treasurer and commissioner who was fired for making racist statements and she will probably never work again.” On Monday, Squires-Lee heard about 45 minutes of arguments surrounding the hearing’s potential delay, NBC Boston reports. During the Monday hearing, Stern also indicated that O’Brien’s team is unprepared for the meeting, which was originally scheduled for early November and delayed to Dec. 5, and asked for another “two weeks or so” to prepare. Had the meeting carried on as planned, Stern said O’Brien’s team was not prepared to do anything more than make a statement on its position.  In her latest court filing, O’Brien said that “none of the accusations have any merit,” and Stern also remained confident that the allegations wouldn’t hold weight. “If you look at what she’s charged with and look at what really happened, I think you will find that these are laughable actually,” Stern said. The court documents indicate O’Brien was removed because of accusations of “gross misconduct,” “causing turmoil” and “creating a hostile work environment,” along with making “racially insensitive comments.” Stern suggested that O’Brien’s suspension “accompanied by suggestive and harmful public justifications by the Treasurer” has harmed O’Brien’s reputation, and that she’s entitled to a “name clearing” hearing.” Squires-Lee then pointed out that O’Brien and her legal team wanted to put the details of the allegations against her into the public domain by including them in last week’s court filings. “The treasurer did not make public the nature of the allegations, you did,” Squires-Lee said. Assistant Attorney General John Hitt said Monday that Goldberg intends to hold the hearing as scheduled unless Squires-Lee issues a temporary restraining order. The treasurer’s office also argued that it is within the public’s best interest to hold the meeting Tuesday, as taxpayers are paying O’Brien’s $181,722 annual salary during her suspension.  “The Treasurer takes these allegations very seriously, which is why she wants to provide Chair O’Brien with the opportunity to address them without further delay, and with a fair process that provides an opportunity for her to do that,” Andrew Napolitano, Goldberg’s communications director, said Monday. “In October, Chair O’Brien was so adamant about having this meeting that she went to court to demand it,” Napolitano continued. “Now, despite knowing about the allegations since September, she is asking to delay the meeting again. It is in the best interest of the taxpayers and the CCC that this meeting proceed.” Squires-Lee refuted this argument. The judge argued that O’Brien would have continued to receive her salary as the Tuesday hearing could have potentially been the first of multiple hearings, adding that no decision surrounding O’Brien’s removal would have been rendered at this initial hearing. The judge argued that the public interest in a fair hearing was more important than a slight delay in proceedings.

https://hightimes.com/

High Chris’ Zätix Is Pioneering Luxury Cannabis in California and Beyond

From the prospectors looking for gold in its hills to the tech campuses in its valleys, California has always been a fertile place for pioneers and innovators. It’s been a pioneering state for cannabis, too. Prop 215 made California the first state to legalize medicinal use. And even though it passed on the opportunity to become the first state to legalize recreational use, other states still look up to it for a regulatory framework. The fans of the plant look to its growers and cultivators for high-quality plants and boundary-pushing strains and products. Lately, they’ve been seeing a new trend emerge from one of the most mature cannabis markets in the country. It’s called luxury cannabis, and it promises to deliver a new type of experience for the discerning consumer. “It starts with taste. Taste is the most important part of cannabis, and it’s the hardest thing to achieve,” explains High Chris, the founder of Zätix, a pioneer in luxury cannabis. “Even if you grow an amazing-looking flower, and it looks the most beautiful, sparkly, crystally purple, today, it doesn’t mean anything unless it tastes good.” With over 20 years in the industry, Chris is one of the true veteran entrepreneurs operating in California’s cannabis market. With Zätix, his latest venture, he set on a mission to find the cannabis strains that would appeal to true connoisseurs who enjoy the finer things in life and believe that quality and taste trump insane levels of THC. “It’s almost like food. It’s easy to find mediocre food anywhere,” explains Chris. “But when you go to some high-end, fine dining restaurant where the chef makes something incredible that you’ve never had and you taste and say wow, this is amazing, I’ve never had anything like that — that’s what I’m getting at. That’s luxury cannabis.” Launching a luxury cannabis brand isn’t as simple as creating a regular one. For one, it wasn’t even financially feasible until California repelled its cultivation tax, which burdened significantly smaller, niche producers. Then, it was a task to find a cultivator that could produce the strains of cannabis that meet the highest standards. And even though they don’t necessarily have to create enormous quantities of it — luxury and exclusivity go hand in hand —a producer of a luxury cannabis flower needs to have tremendous consistency in their products. As an industry pioneer who also does consulting work, it wasn’t a problem for Chris to have a hands-on approach and make decisions that would put the quality of the product first, even ahead of cost-effectiveness. For example, he advised his cultivator against switching to LED lights from high-pressure sodium, even though LEDs were a more economical option because the switch would have changed the qualities that make their products consistently good. He contrasts his artisanal approach with corporations who see cannabis as an industry where they can make a quick buck. “Corporations tend not to understand this, and they approach it from a traditional corporate mindset of how we lower our costs and increase profits. That’s usually their main objective,” explains Chris. “And we’ve seen it in all sorts of industries, but in cannabis, it doesn’t work like that.” Zätix’s stance against cost-cutting measures extends to the second-biggest cost besides the product — packaging. For many brands, it’s a prime target to reduce some costs. For Zätix, it’s another opportunity to show what they’re about — quality, luxury, and going all-in to get the best possible experience. Presentation is a massive part of it, and it’s not something the brand would want to give up on. For Chris, being a part of the larger cannabis community is critical for his brand. “We try to go above and beyond and engage with the people supporting us as a brand and be part of the community because we come from the community,” he says. Zätix organizes its events, sponsors others’ events, and uses every opportunity to interact with the community and offer giveaways, samples, and an overall pleasant experience. Luxury cannabis is still cannabis. Its roots run deep, and people recognize it. “That’s the big thing. It’s the easiest thing for us to do and the hardest thing for the corporate people to do. They don’t come from this, and they are considered culture vultures,” Chris explains. Even though Chris’ plans for Zätix include growing the brand, he’s well aware that a luxury cannabis brand cannot be mass-produced while still keeping the same appeal. He’s okay with that — he knows he’s onto something special and is putting all of his expertise in maintaining its uniqueness. “I used to manage some artists when I was younger when I had my recording studio,” he says. “I had a unique background in the music industry and understood marketing and the full background in cannabis. So I combined the three, and that’s where we’re right now — I treat the brand as a musician.”

https://hightimes.com/

Hemp Cannabinoids Could Be Source of New Pesticides

Recent research into the potential uses of hemp shows that cannabinoids produced by the plant could one day be the source of new natural pesticides, according to researchers at Cornell University in New York. The study by scientists at the School of Integrative Plant Science at Cornell AgriTech’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) found that a higher concentration of cannabinoids in the leaves of hemp plants showed less damage from chewing insects compared with leaves less rich in cannabinoids.  The researchers hope that further study could build on these findings to eventually produce new natural insecticides, most likely for use on non-edible plants only. The potential for using the new pesticides on food crops seems unlikely at this point because of the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids including CBDA, THCA and GBGA, which can be converted to CBD, THC and CBG, respectively, with the addition of heat in a process known as decarboxylation.  Larry Smart, a plant breeder and professor at CALS, says that researchers have studied the intoxicating and medicinal effects of cannabinoids, which are produced almost exclusively by cannabis plants, since the compounds were first identified decades ago. But little research has been conducted to determine exactly why cannabis plants first developed the more than 100 distinct substances. “It has been speculated that they are defensive compounds, because they primarily accumulate in female flowers to protect seeds, which is a fairly common concept in plants,” said Smart, the senior author of the study, according to a report from Hemp Today. “But no one has put together a comprehensive set of experimental results to show a direct relationship between the accumulation of these cannabinoids and their harmful effects on insects,” Smart continued.  The research was conducted as part of Cornell’s hemp breeding program, which was launched by the Ivy League university in upstate New York in 2017. The program began its work by evaluating different commercially available hemp cultivars so recommendations could be made to farmers about which varieties are best suited to the local soil and climate.  The researchers noticed that varieties of hemp sourced from a breeding program in Ukraine that did not produce cannabinoids were all highly susceptible to damage from Japanese beetles. Other hemp varietals that produce cannabinoids were not similarly prone to damage from the insects. “In the absence of cannabinoids, we saw heavy insect damage, and in the presence of cannabinoids, we saw much less damage,” said Smart. The researchers then isolated CBDA and CBGA for use in controlled insect feeding studies. THCA was not studied as part of the research because strict federal limits on THC in hemp crops prevent Cornell researchers from working with the compound. The cannabinoid extracts were added to an artificial insect diet in varying concentrations. The researchers determined that insect larvae grew less and had lower rates of survival as the concentration of cannabinoids was increased. “The study gives us insight into how cannabinoids function in natural systems, and can help us develop new THC-compliant hemp cultivars that maintain these natural built-in defenses against herbivores,” said George Stack, a postdoctoral researcher in Smart’s lab and one of the authors of the new study. The researchers plan further investigation to determine if sap-sucking insects such as aphids are also adversely affected by cannabinoids. However, Stack noted that the research is hindered by the continued illegality of marijuana at the federal level. “The potential use of cannabinoids as a pesticide is an exciting area for future research, but there will certainly be regulatory barriers due to pharmacological activity of the compounds, and more studies are needed to understand what pests cannabinoids will be effective against,” Stack said. The study, “Cannabinoids Function in Defense Against Chewing Herbivores in Cannabis Sativa L.,” was published in October by the peer-reviewed journal Horticulture Research.

https://hightimes.com/

Scientists Chart How Ketamine Impacts Dopamine in Mice

A study, published this month in the journal Cell Reports, was based on the repeated use of ketamine in male mice.  “Ketamine is a multifunctional drug with clinical applications as an anesthetic, pain management medication, and a fast-acting antidepressant,” the researchers wrote in the summary of the study. “However, it is also recreationally abused for its dissociative effects.”  They noted that recent studies on rodents “are revealing the neuronal mechanisms mediating its actions, but the impact of prolonged exposure to ketamine on brain-wide networks remains less understood.”  As such, in their study, the researchers developed “a sub-cellular resolution whole-brain phenotyping approach and utilize it in male mice to show that repeated ketamine administration leads to a dose-dependent decrease in dopamine neurons in midbrain regions linked to behavioral states, alongside an increase in the hypothalamus.” “Additionally, diverse changes are observed in long-range innervations of the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and sensory areas,” they continued. “Furthermore, the data support a role for post-transcriptional regulation in enabling ketamine-induced neural plasticity. Through an unbiased, high-resolution whole-brain analysis, this study provides important insights into how chronic ketamine exposure reshapes brain-wide networks.” Ultimately, the experiment enabled the researchers to develop a “high-resolution whole-brain phenotyping of ketamine-treated animals.” “We established a complete pipeline for whole-brain labeling, high-resolution imaging, and comparative phenotyping of the entire dopaminergic modulatory system, and we utilized it to study the dose-dependent effects of daily (R,S)-ketamine exposure (30 and 100 mg/kg; 1, 5, and 10 days) and saline control intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections,” they explained. The results “revealed no significant cell death in the brain,” they said. “We used an unbiased, high-resolution whole-brain mapping approach to systematically investigate the adaptability of the DA system to repeated ketamine exposure,” the researchers explained. “We found that chronic ketamine exposure leads to a dosage-dependent decrease in DA neurons counts within midbrain regions related to behavior state and increase within hypothalamic domains, along with altered long-range innervation of the association and sensory areas by TH+ neuronal projections. Such structural plasticity of brain-wide modulatory system may facilitate significant reconfiguration of the neuronal networks to eventually result in long-lasting cognitive behavioral changes.”  As the outlet PsyPost explained, the study’s “findings provide evidence of significant structural plasticity in the brain’s dopaminergic system in response to chronic ketamine exposure.”  “In other words, the study shows that repeated use of ketamine can lead to major changes in the areas of the brain that deal with dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a pivotal role in mood, motivation, and reward systems,” PsyPost reported. The researchers behind the study said that it “sheds light on the brain-wide effects of chronic ketamine exposure on the dopamine system and provides insight into the structural plasticity that underlies these effects.”  “The finding that ketamine exposure leads to divergent alterations in specific brain regions, rather than a uniform activating impact, is particularly intriguing and could have significant implications for the development of treatments for depression, schizophrenia, and psychosis,” they said. “Moreover, such non-monolithic brain-wide impact further underscores the need for unbiased investigations of on/off-target effects of ketamine treatment at a range of doses, as well as the urgency to develop targeted pharmacological intervention approaches (e.g., focused ultra sound-based approaches 43,44) for treatment of complex brain disorders.” But despite those eye-opening revelations, the authors said that the study “also has a few limitations.”  “Firstly, the study did not examine the progressive changes in TH expression levels over varying durations of ketamine exposure. Instead, a binary approach of presence or absence was employed. In future research, the development of strategies for whole-brain expression signal normalization will be essential to enable a more comprehensive analysis of the gradual effects of prolonged ketamine exposure on the DA system,” the researchers explained. “Secondly, it’s crucial to note that TH is not exclusive to dopaminergic neurons but is also present in other catecholaminergic neurons, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine. While it is generally accepted that these neurons are primarily localized in specific regions of the hindbrain, some of the neuronal projections labeled as TH+ in this study may potentially originate from these other catecholaminergic neurons. Future studies will be necessary to precisely determine the neurotransmitter identity (whether DA or noradrenergic) of the affected neuronal projections.” They continued, “Thirdly, this study does not provide specific insights into the physiological mechanisms that may be mediating the impact of chronic ketamine exposure on the DA system. Fourthly, to ensure the practical feasibility of performing sub-cellular resolution comparative phenotyping, this initial whole-brain study utilized male mice to minimize potential sources of variability. Future research, building upon these initial important findings and tools, will be needed to explore any potential sex-specific impact of ketamine exposure.45 Lastly, it should be noted that the current study employed a mixture of (R,S) enantiomers of ketamine. Future follow-up studies will be necessary to understand the relative impacts of the two ketamine enantiomers.”

https://hightimes.com/

Medical Cannabis Clinical Trial in U.K. Underway

Although the United Kingdom (U.K.) legalized medical cannabis in 2018, it has not approved any clinical studies and is not widely available as a prescription through the country’s National Health Services (NHS). A recent report from Sky News provided an update on the NHS, stating that no studies have been funded to help explore the efficacy of medical cannabis yet. However, U.K.-based Celadon Pharmaceuticals recently began a clinical trial featuring 5,000 patients who suffer from chronic pain. Earlier this year in March, Celadon Pharmaceuticals became the first company in the U.K. to be licensed by the British government, called the Home Office, to sell its products to private clinics that are legally allowed to prescribe cannabis. At first Celadon Pharmaceuticals conducted a preliminary study, examining 500 patients and found that cannabis did help reduce patients’ reliance on opioids, and also helped improve sleep. This past summer, both the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the NHS Research Ethics Committee approved of the larger Celadon clinical trial. “As an approved Trial, it is believed to be the only one of its kind in the U.K., and is designed to create a data set that will support doctors’ prescriptions of cannabis-based medicines, and in time enable potential reimbursement by the NHS and insurance companies,” the company wrote in a press release this summer. “It also enables General Practitioners to prescribe the medicine to patients in addition to specialist doctors, and organisations such as charities can advertise recruitment for the Trial. The Company believes this to be a major advance in enabling much wider access for patients, ultimately leading to the opening up of the UK market for cannabis-based medicines.” Celadon’s co-founder, James Short, more recently told Sky News that first and foremost, his business is a pharmaceutical company, not a cannabis company. “We’ve got to try and get away from the stigma. When I first got involved in the business I was nervous to even talk about it with friends,” Short said. “But our job is not to get people high. It’s to give them a better quality of life.” Numerous patients, especially parents of young patients, have spoken out in favor of medical cannabis, and called the government to take action so that it could be more accessible and affordable for families. Hannah Deacon and her son Alfie Dingley, Emma Appleby and her daughter Teagan, Emma Matthews and her son Louis, Matt Hughes and his son Charlie, and Karen Gray and her son Murray from Scotland are just a few recognizable names of U.K.-based parents fighting for their kids’ rights to cannabis and an improved quality of life. Families outside of the U.K. such as Irish mother Vera Twomey had called upon their own governments for improved treatment opportunities for her daughter, Ava, who suffered from Dravet syndrome. Sadly, Ava passed away earlier this year in May at age 13. While there are many firsthand accounts of medical cannabis helping patients, U.K. doctors still remain hesitant. “In the aftermath of what happened with opioids the medical community is understandably a little bit skeptical about introducing a new drug without really robust evidence,” said NHS consultant and British Pain Society spokesperson, Dr. Alan Fayaz. “The opioid epidemic has perhaps done cannabis a bit of a disservice because it’s tainted ground.” Furthermore, Fayaz said that the 2018 law change coming before clinical evidence was clear has been harmful to the cause. “It creates this bizarre two-tiered system which actually doesn’t advantage the patients on the NHS and it doesn’t really advantage the patients in the private sector either,” Fayaz explained. “I think what we need is the research to be able to identify the role cannabis will play.” Currently only patients who manage a private prescription are able to gain access, which is incredibly expensive. Sky News spoke with Chad Martin, who pays £300 per month ($378 USD) to obtain medical cannabis to treat his arthritis. “I am fortunate to be able to afford the drug. Others can’t,” Martin explained. Initially his doctor prescribed opioids to treat his condition. His cannabis medicine of choice is a cannabis inhaler, which helps treat pain and inflammation flare-ups. “When the weather changes, arthritis can affect you regardless, but cannabis has worked way better than anything else I’ve taken in the past,” Martin said. The Home Office launched its cannabis review in June 2018. At the same time, the Home Secretary also announced that Alfie Dingley and Billy Caldwell would be granted a license to legally obtain cannabis to treat their conditions.In 2019, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) decided that there wasn’t enough evidence that medical cannabis can help patients who suffer from epilepsy. Later in March 2021, NICE updated its 2019 stance on medical cannabis, clarifying that “There is no recommendation against the use of cannabis-based medicinal products.” Two years later in March 2023, NICE approved Epidyolex, a CBD-based medicine, for those who suffer from tuberous sclerosis complex.

https://hightimes.com/

Drug Makers Struggle to Replace Stimulants with Non-Addictive Alternatives

Unfortunately, the same drugs with high potential for abuse are also the ones that work best for certain individuals with neurobehavioral conditions. According to GlobalData, penetrating the stimulant-dominated pharmaceutical market remains challenging without comparable efficacy from non-stimulants.  The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) market is a lucrative business: Stimulants, amphetamines, and methylphenidates continue to dominate the ADHD drug market across the seven major markets, Express Pharma reports. (The seven major markets are in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, the US, and Japan.) Non-addictive drugs demonstrate a “crippling lower” efficacy in treating ADHD. Drug makers are in a race to develop safer alternatives. Three out of the four late-stage pipeline drug candidates in Phase III development within those markets have non-stimulant properties: Axsome Therapeutics Inc’s solriamfetol, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd’s centanafadine and Neurocentria Inc’s L-Threonate Magnesium Salt.  The lower abuse potential of solriamfetol and centanafadine is a major selling point created by developers, but without displaying efficacy comparable to stimulants, they will struggle to penetrate the market—even if they are approved. The use of stimulants for ADHD treatment is increasing. The key opinion leaders (KOLs) in the treatment of ADHD say that patients and parents have been hesitant to use stimulants for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents, but this is changing with time, and the use of stimulants for ADHD treatment is increasing. “Marketing emphasis on abuse potential is common in non-stimulates both marketed and pipeline; this is despite KOLs viewing the abuse potential of ADHD stimulants as overstated,” said Lorraine Palmer, Pharma Analyst at GlobalData. “The KOLs interviewed by GlobalData were not concerned about whether a treatment is a stimulant or a non-stimulant, rather they are focused on the pharmaceuticals efficacy and side-effect profile.” Four non-stimulants are commonly marketed: guanfacine, clonidine, atomoxetine and viloxazine. Sleep disturbances and a decreased appetite have been reported from both clonidine and atomoxetine.  “All four display cripplingly lower efficacy in the treatment of ADHD than stimulants,” Express Pharma reports. “Rather than an emphasis on abuse potential, a better alternative strategy to penetrate the saturated ADHD market would be to target key unmet needs in ADHD treatment such as improving compliance or providing coverage into the evening without affecting sleep.” Part of this challenge likely includes the impact of addiction itself.  Regarding the popular ADHD drug Adderall, adults and children 6 years of age and older are eligible to take Adderall, beginning at 5 milligrams, while children 3 to 5 years of age are able to start at 2.5 mg per day. Only children under the age of 3 are prohibited from being prescribed the drug in all cases. Adderall’s active ingredients are dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate and amphetamine sulfate. Columbia University psychiatry professor Carl Hart famously wrote for Vice in 2016 that meth is “almost identical to Adderall” in terms of chemistry and its effects on the brain. A 2016 study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry indicates that an increasing number of young adults have been checking into emergency rooms over the past few years due to accidental overdoses on Adderall and similar drugs. High Times reported last September that leading drug makers and pharmaceutical companies are having little luck addressing nationwide shortages of stimulant-based ADHD medications like Adderall, Vyvanse, and Ritalin. The Adderall shortage began in Fall of 2022, marked by an FDA notice acknowledging the shortages with an estimate that things would be resolved in a month or two. That is not the case, however, as issued a joint notice on August 1 acknowledging that the shortage had been “understandably frustrating” for patients and providers. “The current shortage of stimulant medications is the result of many factors. It began last fall due to a manufacturing delay experienced by one drug maker,” the joint notice said. “While this delay has since resolved, we are continuing to experience its effects in combination with record-high prescription rates of stimulant medications. Data show that, from 2012 to 2021, overall dispensing of stimulants (including amphetamine products and other stimulants) increased by 45.5 percent in the United States.”  Teva Pharmaceuticals, Adderall’s biggest manufacturer, reported shortfalls. Teva CEO Richard Francis told Bloomberg that the company is operating at “full capacity” at the moment and blamed their decreased output in previous years to COVID-induced work shortages which they have only just barely recovered from. Should they wish to increase the amount of Adderall they produce, they would have to buy or build more factories as their current infrastructure cannot handle bigger output. The company has declined to comment on whether or not they plan to invest in such infrastructure. This adds to the multiple reasons less addictive non-stimulant drugs are needed to treat ADHD.

https://hightimes.com/

Tennessee Authorities Find Weed Cultivation Site Inside Church

Law enforcement officials in Tennessee have shut down a cannabis cultivation site that was operating in a converted church, seizing about 2,000 weed plants in the process. The raid on the church, which was conducted last week by the Stewart County Sheriff’s Office (SCSO), was the result of a weeks-long investigation, according to law enforcement officials. Although the plant count was not especially high for commercial marijuana growing operations, Sheriff Frankie Gray noted that the bust shut down Stewart County’s largest discovered weed farm ever. “The sheriff’s office shut down the largest marijuana grow in county history,” Gray said in a statement to local media. In a social media post on Friday, the sheriff’s office noted that deputies had been conducting an investigation of the church for three weeks after local residents reported a strong odor emanating from the property. The investigators conducted traffic stops to question people they had seen coming from and going to the church and were told that hemp was being grown at the site, which is legal in Tennessee with a license from the state. Sheriff’s deputies also investigated the electricity and water usage at the property, which was originally built as a Methodist church in 1960 and later sold. Investigators learned that the grow operation had a water bill that was characterized by local media as “high” and was using about $3,000 per month in electricity. Last week, the SCSO obtained a search warrant for the church on Highway 46 in the community of Indian Mound. Sheriff’s deputies and law enforcement officers from the 23rd Judicial Drug Task Force then raided the site on Thursday and discovered about 2,000 cannabis plants including live plants and others that had already been harvested and dried. The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation also assisted in serving the search warrant. The sheriff’s office said the marijuana cultivation operation included elaborate lighting and watering systems operated by automatic timers. The agency also reported that the search of the site was slowed as deputies investigated “the possibility of booby traps laid out for law enforcement.” The SCSO also reported that investigators found “a large amount of possibly toxic chemicals” at the site. Law enforcement officers took one person into custody when the search warrant was served, although officials did not specify what charges the individual was being held on. Others are wanted for questioning, the sheriff’s office said. The converted church, which is located in northern central Tennessee about 70 miles northwest of Nashville, is listed for sale on Zillow, according to media reports. The property is listed as having four bedrooms and three bathrooms. The listing also notes that the site, which formerly had two buildings, was converted into one building with the addition of a breezeway. The person posting the listing said they were “looking for a quick sale” of the property. Tennessee is one of only about a dozen U.S. states that have not adopted a comprehensive plan to legalize medical marijuana, although a limited measure to legalize low-THC CBD oil was passed in 2015. Possession of even small amounts of cannabis is still a misdemeanor criminal offense. Those who commented on the social media post from the sheriff’s office in conservative Stewart County were mostly in favor of the law enforcement action to shut down the cannabis cultivation site discovered at the church last week. “Our Law Enforcement Agency is always on top of things. Great job!” one person commented. “Thank you for shutting this operation down,” said another. “Your hard work is appreciated. Stay safe.” “Thankful for our sheriff’s department and all involved,” added a third Facebook user.

https://hightimes.com/

Recreational Pot Surges in Rhode Island’s First Year of Legal Sales

Local news outlet WPRI reported last week that the state’s Office of Cannabis Regulation says that recreational marijuana sales “have steadily increased almost monthly over the past year, and the estimated sales for Fiscal Year 2024 is $76 million.” “That sales estimate, if met, would translate into more than $15 million in state and local revenue: $7.6 million from the state’s 10% cannabis tax, $5.3 million from the 7% sales tax and $2.3 million from the 3% local tax,” the station reported, noting that the Office of Cannabis Regulation “estimates that, in October alone, more than $7 million worth of recreational cannabis products were sold statewide.” Rhode Island lawmakers last year passed a bill that legalized recreational cannabis for adults aged 21 and older, making it the 19th state in the U.S. to do so. The bill, which legalized possession of up to one ounce of cannabis for adults and also permitted possession by adults of up to 10 ounces is permitted in a private home, was approved by members of the state General Assembly in May of 2022. The measure also established the framework for legal, regulated recreational cannabis sales in Rhode Island. “This is a truly momentous day for Rhode Island. I’m deeply grateful to Senator Miller for his years of hard work and leadership on this issue, and I’m incredibly proud to have been part of reaching this point,”  Rhode Island state Senate Majority Leader Michael McCaffrey, a Democrat, said after the legislation passed. “Ending cannabis prohibition helps us right past wrongs while creating new opportunities for all Rhode Islanders. This is the right move, at the right time, for our state.” The bill was signed into law by Rhode Island Gov. Dan McKee, a Democrat, who later announced that legal cannabis sales would launch on December 1, 2022. “This milestone is the result of a carefully executed process to ensure that our state’s entry into this emerging market was done in a safe, controlled and equitable manner,” McKee said last year after the sales date was announced. “It is also a win for our statewide economy and our strong, locally based cannabis supply chain, which consists of nearly 70 licensed cultivators, processors and manufacturers in addition to our licensed compassion centers. Finally, I thank the leadership of the General Assembly for passing this practical implementation framework in the Rhode Island Cannabis Act and I look forward to continuing our work together on this issue.” The Rhodes Island Cannabis Act included “a call for applications for ‘hybrid retail licenses,’” according to the governor’s office. Those hybrid licenses “allow licensed compassion centers to sell both medical marijuana as well as safe, well-regulated and competitively priced marijuana products to Rhode Island adults over the age of 21, was issued in early October,” McKee’s office said last year. Five cannabis dispensaries (described as “compassion centers” by the state) received approval from the state to open for business on December 1, 2022. There are currently seven licensed dispensaries in Rhode Island, although the state has allowed for 33 retail licenses to ultimately be awarded. Matt Santacroce, interim deputy director of the Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation, said at the time that the state was “pleased with the quality and comprehensiveness of the applications we received from the state’s compassion centers, and we are proud to launch adult use sales in Rhode Island just six months after the Cannabis Act was signed into law, marking the Northeast’s fastest implementation period.”  According to the Providence Journal, “$62.9 million worth of recreational retail marijuana has sold in Rhode Island since retail sales began last December,” although that figure “does not include sales for November, nor does it include medical marijuana sales, which are counted separately.” Including medical marijuana sales, “total retail marijuana sales in Rhode Island top $95 million,” according to the Journal. But as in other states that have taken the step to legalize adult-use cannabis, the change in law has also resulted in a dip in medical marijuana sales. Erica Ferrelli, chief of strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation for the state cannabis office, told the Providence Journal that there has been a “drastic” decline in medical marijuana patients over the last year. “Last December, 15,062 active patients bought marijuana from Rhode Island dispensaries. By October that number had fallen to 10,377,” the Journal reported. Ferrelli told the newspaper that many patients “just find it easier to transition to the adult-use market” and pay a higher tax in order to avoid “the burden of finding a doctor, getting them to sign you into the program, which is still pretty difficult, pay for an appointment and get yourself there, which for some patients might be quite the hassle.”

FAQ: How to use this hemp news hub

What topics does Chow420’s hemp news cover?

We aggregate and surface reputable coverage on hemp laws and enforcement, THC thresholds and policy proposals, cannabinoid products (CBD/Delta-8/hemp-derived THC), compliance, lab testing, recalls, and broader industry news.

Is this legal advice?

No. This page is for news and education. Hemp rules can change quickly and vary by state—always verify against the latest official guidance and consult qualified counsel for compliance decisions.

How do I evaluate hemp product safety claims?

Look for current third‑party COAs (Certificates of Analysis), clear ingredient labeling, and transparent sourcing. Be cautious with vague potency claims or missing lab reports.

Why do some articles mention Delta‑8 or “hemp-derived THC”?

These products often sit at the center of policy and enforcement changes. We track major updates so shoppers and brands can understand evolving requirements and market impacts.

How often is the news updated?

The crawler is scheduled to run daily. New items appear as sources publish updates.