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Hemp News, Laws & Product Updates

A curated news hub focused on hemp regulation and policy changes, cannabinoids (CBD/Delta-8/Delta-9/hemp-derived THC), lab testing and COAs, product safety, brands, and industry trends.

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https://hightimes.com/

What to Know About Festival Merch

Festivals are more than just gatherings; they’re vibrant celebrations of art, culture and music, of course. For bands and musicians, festivals provide a unique opportunity to connect with fans and showcase their talent. But beyond the music, festival merchandise is a key component of the experience and a chance to promote yourself in a lasting way.  Music merch is not just about selling products. It’s a way for fans to gain a deeper appreciation of their favorite performers and events. When done right, festival merch can: Here are five things to prioritize as you develop your music merchandise, from t-shirts and hats, to posters, stickers and limited-edition items. 1) Know Your Audience Understanding your target audience is the foundation of successful festival merch. Consider the demographics of your fanbase, their style preferences and what items are likely to resonate with them. For instance, if your fans are predominantly young adults, trendy clothing items might be a hit. 2) Unique Designs and Branding Invest in compelling and unique designs that reflect your music and brand. Your festival merch should be an extension of your artistic expression. Collaborate with talented designers who can bring your vision to life. 3) Quality Matters Never compromise on the quality of your merchandise. High-quality materials and printing ensure that your fans will enjoy wearing or using your merchandise for years to come. Quality sends a message that you care about your fans and your craft. 4) Variety and Limited Editions Offer a variety of items to cater to different tastes. Hats, t-shirts and posters are staples, but don’t be afraid to get creative. Limited-edition items like exclusive designs or artist collaborations can create a sense of urgency and excitement among fans. 5) Sustainability and Eco-Friendly Options Incorporate sustainability into your merch. Consider using hemp or organic cotton for hats, t-shirts, eco-friendly printing methods and recyclable packaging. Eco-conscious fans will appreciate your efforts to reduce your environmental impact. Don’t just haul boxes around from show to show—have a game plan for what you’re selling. It starts with your booth and extends to social media. Your merch booth is your storefront at the festival. Make it visually appealing with banners, signage and well-organized displays. Ensure that it’s easy for fans to browse and make purchases. Set reasonable prices for your festival merchandise. Research what similar items are selling for at other festivals to stay competitive. Consider offering package deals or bundles to encourage fans to buy more or get a gift for a friend. Create a sense of urgency with limited-time offers or discounts available only during your band’s set or a specific time frame. This can incentivize fans to make quick purchases. Be prepared to accept both cash and card payments. Some festival-goers may prefer cash, while others rely on cards or mobile payment methods. A card reader or mobile payment app can be invaluable for ensuring timely transactions. Beyond transactions are the interactions. Don’t just stand behind the merch booth; if possible, engage with your fans. If you cannot be present, be sure that the people working your booth strike up conversations, express gratitude for their support of your band and be approachable. Personal connections can lead to increased sales and fan loyalty. Leverage your social media presence to promote your festival merch. Share sneak peeks of your merchandise designs, run contests and encourage fans to visit the merch booth. Create custom hashtags to boost visibility. Before and after events, encourage fans to share photos of themselves wearing or using your merchandise on social media. Highlight positive testimonials and reviews from satisfied customers to build trust with potential buyers. Extend your merch sales beyond the festival grounds by setting up an online store or utilizing platforms like Bandcamp. This allows fans who couldn’t attend the festival to purchase your merchandise. There are a few other things you’ll need to do to ensure you’re keeping the merch moving, while not exhausting yourself in the process.  Inventory management matters. Keep track of your merchandise inventory to avoid running out of popular items. Use a point-of-sale system to monitor sales and stock levels. Consider releasing special-edition merch exclusively for festival performances. Fans love collecting unique items that commemorate live shows. And also, involve your fans in the merch creation process. Ask for their input on designs and items they’d like to see. Get creative with the tangibles and intangibles too. Offer VIP packages that include exclusive merchandise, meet-and-greet opportunities and other unique experiences for dedicated fans. And don’t forget about post-festival sales. Share leftover festival merch on your website or at future shows to continue generating revenue. Festival merchandise is a powerful tool for musicians to connect with fans, generate income and create lasting memories. By focusing on quality, unique designs, effective sales strategies and fan engagement, you can make the most of your festival merch. So, as you prepare for your next festival, keep these tips in mind, and let your music merch be a reflection of your artistry and dedication to your fans. Alpine Hemp Company produces the highest quality hemp headwear. Creating fully custom hemp hats for your business or organization has never been easier. Our in-house design team has over 20 years of experience to ensure every stitch is in place. Don’t stress, your brand is in good hands.

https://hightimes.com/

Jon’s Stone-Cold Cop List #46: Smoking the Whole Menu

Is it just me, or does 2024 already feel better than 2023 did? Despite it being the slow season just about everywhere, things seem to be advancing at a rapid clip. The general sentiment seems to be positive for the first time I can remember in recent memory. It may be silver and gray in Los Angeles right now, but the energy is high, and I have been, too! I also quit smoking. Not weed, obviously. That hasn’t been helping with the spirits – in fact I truly believe everyone who said quitting was the best thing they’ve ever done is lying to my face – but I say that to say everyone who was all up in arms when I released this piece a few months back can shove it – this feels exactly the same as when I try not to smoke weed. But alas, those are negative feelings, and we’re in our positivity era. LOL I spend too much time online. Anyway, from the heady boiz to the budget-conscious, there’s something for everyone in this edition. Earlier this month Astor Club opened the doors to their new LA jaunt, and you’ll see a few nods to some of the brands available there, as well as some of the more hard to obtain jars y’all have been asking me about. Remember that just because you see me post something cool on Instagram doesn’t mean it was excellent, but if you see it below, that means I really believe it’s elite, for whatever reason.  As always, don’t hesitate to reach out and let me know what new heat you’re excited about, or what you hate right now. That side’s always fun too!  This is one I’ve been hearing about for a minute now. My boy P over at GOAT has been telling me for months that this is the best smoke on the market, and now that I’ve finally got a jar in my hands I’m pleased to report that it’s not just hype; Omakase is onto something special here. True to their name, the cultivars are branded as courses rather than just the strain name, but the back label does more to describe what you’re about to indulge in than just about any other brand I’ve seen. Grown in living soil under only four lights, Course 1, also known as the Yuzu, is a cross of Tropicanna Cookies and Orange Zkittlez, and it’s just as vibrant as you imagine when hearing who its parents are. Now I know citrus is a little polarizing, but let me just say, this shit is like sunshine in a joint. It rocks your senses, it stains your palate, and the high is one of my favorites from recent memory. I’m greatly looking forward to seeing what the rest of this meal is like, bc the appetizer smacked! This is another one of those small batch producers that are incredibly elusive, but that consistently receives rave reviews from the heads in the know. A few months ago when Harvest Moon told me he had a life-changing batch of Z in the works, I’ll admit I was a bit skeptical. That’s a bold claim to make, and for a guy who loves Z, how good would it have to be to change my life? Well friends, I’m happy to report I get where he’s coming from, because it’s almost like he’s recreated Z. Not only can you taste how clean it is, but there’s a new almost menthol-y texture in the middle of the flavor that cuts down on some of the sweetness, and it feels like the grown-up version of the original cultivar. If you can get your hands on it, this one’s Hall of Flame worthy. Known across the world as the guy who brought hash holes to the masses, Fidel’s is once again raising the bar with his upcoming 1/1 line. In a world where everyone’s trying to repeat the vibe, or feeling, Fidel’s new rolls aim to provide the exact opposite: a brand new experience every time. While these will present themselves in a series of different ways, the general idea is this: every available roll will include a different combo of flower and hashes to provide a unique flavor and high. This means they’ll have more than one flavor, sometimes of both ingredients, included in each roll. There will be several hash dollops, as opposed to a single core, and the order in which they’re reached will vary. There may be blends of flower, or hash, within the mix. And because of how the hash melts into the flower, this means that every single roll will be unique, and provide a combo of flavors you might not ever experience again. Launching next month, I’m very excited to see how the market receives these. Between the limited nature of what they’re offering and the cult-following Fidel’s has amassed, I expect these to be a hot ticket this year. If the way people line up to take a hit of his personal rolls are any measure, these ones will move quick. Long regarded as LA’s flavor king, Wonderbrett’s got another hit on his hands with his latest Kush Cola. It’s almost more Cherry Cola to me than a regular old cola, but the crazy part about this one is how the taste almost mimics that feeling of carbonation in your mouth while you’re drinking. It burns smooth and clean, so I don’t mean that to sound like it’s crackling or pop-rocking in your mouth – this ain’t no spray pack – but it does have a taste that’s almost exactly a cherry coke, and for a Coca-Cola fiend like myself, that’s a prettttty sweet selling point. For those of you out there who aren’t as aroused by soda flavors as I am, it’s worth nothing that this is a true Kush, so unlike the caffeine in a sodyboi, this one’s going to mellow you out real quick. It’s also worth noting that Brett has released seeds of some crosses of this with his new company Byrdseed Genetics, so if you’ve got a green thumb this is a cool one to dig into! Over the past few months Parlay has quickly become one of my most in-demand smokes. I didn’t even know they existed at this time last year, and now I’m burning their gear several times a week, if not every day. The last time I mentioned them it was around their Mochi Latti, which remains one of my favorites from the brand, but his take on Biscotti is one of my top 5 nighttime’s right now. However, today I’m here to talk about this fire collaboration he dropped with my dog Joey Colombo. Dubbed Street Credit, this is Parlay’s Candy Fumez, which has itself made a ton of noise over the past year, and it’s adorned by this insane piece that Joey put together for the branding. Now, I started this by telling you how much I enjoy smoking their product, but I’m going to close it by telling you that I’ve got the empty mylar on display on my shelf because it’s that dope. I was going through the archives of this column the other day trying to see when the last time I wrote about Wooksauce was and I realized that I actually have never given them their own call-out here, so allow me to start this by saying my bad, because I love these guys and they’ve long deserved it. First off, since the moment I heard their name I’ve been excited by them. I mean, WOOKSAUCE?! C’mon. Is there a better nickname for concentrates? If there is I haven’t heard it. I love the term ‘Wook’ to begin with, I think we should wear it as a badge of honor (like WEIRDOS, perhaps? ;)) so it speaks to me on many levels, but before you jump down my throat yelling that I’m just talking about the branding let me tell you, their hash is elite by every measure. The new Bop Gun, of which they are the single source that touches the product, is absolutely crazy. The terps are a mix of sweet lemon and like paint thinner – the kind that make your eyes wide from the sniff, and that you can feel behind them before you’re finished exhaling. I know you don’t need me to mention the awards they’ve won, or how excellent I think they are as actual people, but I still think the details matter. Speaking of the Astor Club opening, one of my favorite parts about going to the club is that they’ve always got some crazy heat from the Archive homies. I don’t get up to Oregon very often, and these guys are ALWAYS pumping out a ton of new gear that tends to buck the trends of the major market – or at least what’s moving the needle down here in LA – so it’s hard to keep my finger on their pulse. Now that Astor’s got an LA location I’ll be more in the loop, and that’s already started as, at the opening, I got to taste three of their new rosin phenos and while I know they’re not properly labeled so I don’t want to share any wrong information, all were stellar, unique, and unexpected expressions. I should also shout out the homie Matt Jackson for keeping me abreast of what these guys have had going on in the past. One of the last times we hung out he gave me some of the super rare Oishii x Sour D cross that blew my doors down, and while I’ll likely never see that one again, I’ll keep dreaming about it! Here’s another brand that’s been making noise in the streets for a while now that I’m glad to report lived up to the hype. People have been telling me that Dash has the choice bags just like Metro Bloomin, and now that I got hands on with his Apollo 41 it seems like they were telling the truth, as this is a very special expression of one of the most popular strains in recent history. That said, unlike a lot of what’s found on the streets these days, this one has that original almost warmth that excited so many of us back in the day. Excited to dive further into this catalog and see what else he’s got up his sleeve. Lyfesauce has been in the lab the past few months breeding tons of new varietals and after getting to check some of them out over the past few weeks I’ve got to say the boys got some serious new winners on their hands. My favorite of the new cultivars was the Orange Sherb x OZK x Gastro Pop, which has an excellent orange flavor to it (lots of citrus this month!), as well as the Deathdream x Capulator, which was also super flavorful, and had a wonderful clean and productive high to it. I’m not sure when these will hit the streets, but when you see it, these two are must cops! I first caught wind of these guys sometime last year at one of Jimi’s Transbay Challenge events, and a few months later I went down to check out their grow out here in Los Angeles and I’ve got to say, for a brand that has largely focused on bulk so far, these guys have some seriously great and consistent smoke. Now it seems like they’re producing a ton of flavors so I haven’t even begun scratching the surface of what they’ve got in their portfolio, but I really liked their Sherbaccio Sweet Tea – which seemed to surprise some of the team. That said, I even like smoking their LCG – which y’all know is saying a lot for me. Another one to keep an eye one! I’m going to start this by saying I was never some massive fan of stained glass in the past, but that all changed when I saw the new drop from Cutie Lil Glass in collaboration with Bird and Mouse Glass last week. Dropping a twist on ‘the Creation of Adam’ by Michelangelo with assorted smokeables, as well as other creations like a Bic-adorned mirror, the glass pictured is immediately my favorite cop of the year so far. These are both new names for me so I’m excited to keep an eye on their growth, and hopefully scoop up some more cool and unique culture-inspired art! I’ve kind of been on a tote bag kick lately – which is strange because I honestly don’t like them, but this is another I feel compelled to acquire despite preferring some sort of body strap to handles. Marketed as the tote bag the government doesn’t want you to experience, it feels like the type of thing you want to have on you for an experience of the psychedelic variety. Featuring artwork by CatDirty, while this is probably not the one normal people would grab for a trip to the grocery store, I on the other hand like making things uncomfortable. Added the Nepotism tag here because I’ll be hosting, but if you happen to find yourself within reachable distance of Sacramento in early February, you should pull up to the first annual National Good Pizza Day, which will be going live with hella dank from a currently undisclosed location on the 9th. Stacked with multiple pizza purveyors, heady jars, and as many Italians talking with their hands as you can handle, this one’s going to be a sesh to remember, family! Featuring tons of homies like Zackwoods, Planta, White Ashes, Surfs Up, CGO and more, tickets are available now – scoop one and let’s get lit in the capital!

https://hightimes.com/

Tens of Thousands of Drug Arrests Reported in Sri Lanka Since December

Thousands of arrests of drug users and drug dealers have been reported in Sri Lanka in less than two months. According to reporting by the Associated Press, Sri Lankan authorities have initiated a crackdown operation on the drug trade in a country known widely for its role as an international narcotics trafficking hub. This crackdown, known as “Operation Yukthiya” which means justice, has been responsible for over 40,000 arrests since December of 2023. This is according to acting police chief Deshabandu Tennakoon, who also told the Associated Press that 65% of the drug trade in the entire country of Sri Lanka has been dismantled with the goal of complete elimination by month’s end. These arrests were carried out as the result of nighttime raids using drug-sniffing dogs. These raids have targeted suspected addicts and people with previous records of drug-related arrests in addition to suspected traffickers. In the first weeks of the crackdown, the BBC reported that over 1,000 suspected drug addicts had been forcibly sent to rehabilitation centers run by the Sri Lankan military. “These arrests [have] been made very arbitrarily. There is no reasonable suspicion, the kind of people arrested have a lower marginalized economic status,” said Thiyagi Ruwanpathirana, a researcher for Amnesty International Sri Lanka to Reuters. “The way in which the operations are carried out – there [are] cavity searches, strip searches in public, some of which are televised – it is really giving a lot of concern for human rights organizations.” Operation Yukthiya has been heavily criticized by the United Nations for potential human rights violations in what they described as a “heavy-handed” operation which has resulted in about 5,000 detentions out of the tens of thousands of arrests made. The Associated Press also indicated there had been reports of torture carried out by Sri Lankan authorities. “While drug use presents a serious challenge to society, a heavy-handed law enforcement approach is not the solution. Abuse of drugs and the factors that lead to it are first and foremost public health and social issues,” the United Nations said. Sri Lankan authorities have vowed to continue Operation Yukthiya based on reports that more schoolchildren are using drugs and drug-related crimes are increasing in Sri Lanka, most of which involve heroin, cannabis, and cannabis hashish, according to the BBC. Public Security Minister Tiran Alles has said the United Nations should identify specific instances of human rights violations and that Sri Lankan police have been ordered to follow the law. “We will not stop this operation. We will go ahead and we will do it the same way because we know that we are doing something good for the children of this country, for the women of this county and that is why the general public is whole-heartedly with us in these operations,” Alles said. During the first week of Operation Yukthiya, BBC reported over 15,000 arrests were made and over 470 kilograms of various types of drugs were seized. Vehicles and other possessions of suspected criminals were also seized in the operation. The searches were, mercifully, put on hold for the Christmas holiday but continued in full-force shortly thereafter. Sri Lanka made over 97,000 drug-related arrests in 2020 according to Reuters who cited the Sri Lanka National Dangerous Drugs Control Board. 53% of these arrests were for heroin and 42% for cannabis, many of which were simple possession offenses.  “Sri Lanka’s strategic geographical position and proximity to countries which produce opium and heroin on a large scale make it convenient for traffickers to smuggle drugs into Sri Lanka,” said a 1998 report on the Sri Lankan approach to drug enforcement by the U.S. Department of Justice. “ In 1984, an amendment to the Poisons, Opium, and Dangerous Drugs Act introduced the death penalty for the violation of certain sections of the act. Anyone found guilty of possessing over 2 grams of heroin is liable to be sentenced to death. Heroin traffic is aggravated by the heavy involvement of Sri Lankan Tamils (a terrorist group) in the narcotics trade to Western European countries.”

https://hightimes.com/

Green Rush Leaves ‘Ghost Town’ of Grow Facilities in Ordway, Colorado

Is a town in Colorado the first to become a cannabis ghost town? Westword’s Thomas Mitchell reported that the green rush of cannabis business licenses in Colorado left the town of Ordway a “ghost town,” filled with vacant growing operations. Hasn’t this happened before? Out of the hope of profitable veins of gold sprung boomtowns during the California Gold Rush, a mid-19th century rush of people seeking a fortune from gold. Bodie, California, for instance, soared to over 8,000 people looking for gold until its resources were exhausted. It happened in Colorado, too. Cripple Creek, Colorado soared to over 55,000 people looking for the same. Once the gold resources were drained, people more or less abandoned them, leaving ghost towns. There’s a new boomtown phenomenon happening right now: cannabis. Ordway—only a few years ago—was a cannabis boomtown. The town is about 50 miles east of Pueblo in Crowley County, with a population of around 1,000 people. Ordway had 56 active growing facilities at its peak, Westword reports, and around seventy grow operations there were registered with the state Marijuana Enforcement Division by the end of 2022. But recently, there are only about 20 left, according to local licensing officials. Most of these grow operations weren’t able to survive 2023: From December 2022 to December 2023, the number of adult-use cannabis grow operations saw a 30% drop in the state’s cannabis workforce and a major decline in dispensary sales since pandemic restrictions ended. Bubba’s Kush Cultivation is a small batch craft cultivator, based in Ordway, focused on providing a clean, consistent, quality product. The team behind Bubba’s Kush is concerned about the future of growing in Ordway. “I’ve seen equipment left out in fields by people who couldn’t figure it out, and entire crops left to dry outside. No one has to worry about it being stolen. There’s barely anyone here—and what is it really worth, anyway?” cannabis cultivation Bubba’s Kush founder Chris Kaiser asked Westword. Kaiser said he can throw a rock from his parking lot and hit one of a half-dozen failed cultivations. “That one’s closed. That one’s closed. That one’s closed,” he said. “A lot of people have just up and left. One guy is asking for $1.3 million. Ha—good luck with that.” He said cannabis operators were promised endless potential for profit in the cannabis industry, but that’s not what ended up happening. “Even if you’re still open, you’re struggling. Being a cannabis grower was never all it was cracked up to be, but this is getting out of control,” he says. “I guess this is what it takes if you want to win. It’s a tough scene, and I don’t think it’s going to get any easier.” The price of wholesale cannabis reached record-low prices in Colorado, according to the state Department of Revenue, falling over 56% on average since Bubba Kush’s first harvest in 2021. Local cannabis activist Mason Tvert admitted not everyone is cut out to survive in the cannabis industry, especially during the past few years. “It’s been a unique period of time for all businesses, especially cannabis businesses,” Tvert told Westword. “Inflation, COVID-19 and staffing have all created real issues, so I’m not terribly surprised with how it’s played out. Anyone who’s looking at this industry should be wary of the potential for dramatic changes. With something this new and varied around the country, there are a lot of people who just want to open a marijuana store because it’s exciting, fun or unique. As people were doing that, though, we sort of realized that ten years from now they would be owning a liquor store, but with more rules.” The state has undergone a tough period over the past several years. In 2022, High Times reported on the decline in sales. Sales of both medical and recreational cannabis in Colorado plummeted in June 2022 compared to the previous year, the state’s Department of Revenue reported, an alarming decline that industry officials attribute to a variety of reasons. Medical cannabis sales totaled $19,235,656 in June—down from $34,534,293 in June 2021. Recreational pot sales, meanwhile, generated $127,157,358 in June—down from $152,719,813 in June 2021. Colorado cannabis sales continued a downward trend in November 2023 as adult-use and medical cannabis retail locations generated $110.5 million in revenue, the lowest monthly total since February 2017. Adult-use sales fell to $95.8 million, down around 16% year-over-year, according to data recently released by the Colorado Department of Revenue. Medical cannabis sales in November dropped to $14.5 million, down about 11.5% year-over-year. November marked the fourth consecutive month of a decline in sales in Colorado’s cannabis market, suggesting that the state is headed for its second consecutive year of significant declines in pot sales. Colorado’s 2023 cannabis sales are on track to reach about $1.5 billion, which would be down nearly 13% from 2022. Major declines in sales like this have left so-called “ghost towns” like Ordway, full of vacant cannabis-related properties.

https://hightimes.com/

Michigan Adult-Use, Medical Cannabis Sales Reach $3.6 Billion in 2023

New data from the Cannabis Regulatory Agency (CRA) in Michigan revealed that the state collected more than $3.6 billion in adult-use sales last year. Compared to the $2.3 billion in sales collected in Michigan in 2022, the most recent sales data shows 30% growth. According to Crain’s Detroit, that amount equates to $305 in cannabis products per person, compared to the $150 per capita in California (with a projected $5.9 billion in cannabis products sold in 2023), and approximately $290 in per capita spending in Colorado. The CRA also showed an increase in retailers as well, with a total of 750 dispensaries as of December 2023. “As we head into 2024, the CRA continues to focus on transparency and communication, working with stakeholders as the industry continues to grow,” CRA Director Brian Hanna said. “We’re committed to supporting Michigan’s cannabis licensees who currently employ over 35,000 employees, a 23% increase from December 2022.” Hanna took the position of director after former director Andrew Brisbo departed in September 2022. With a background in law enforcement, Hanna has implemented strict rule enforcement, such as fines for cannabis businesses that didn’t pay their annual fees but also for those who were not tracking and/or handling cannabis products properly. According to MLive.com, this helped curb black market sales and other related activity. MiCannaPros founder Harry Barash told MLive.com about the methods and results of the CRA. “They’re certainly making a lot of examples, and if you’re doing things that you shouldn’t be doing it’s only a matter of time before the CRA figures it out,” said Barash. “It certainly seems like they have more bodies and more enforcement now. The CRA has sent a strong message.” The news outlet sought out comment from an industry veteran, Eric Jacovetti, who has previously worked in cultivation and for a cannabis-related staffing company, but currently runs cannabis-related equipment rental. Jacovetti added that the CRA has only reached the tip of the iceberg, so to speak, in terms of uncovering black market operations. “Just the way the current system is set up, you’d have to go to facilities and be auditing sticker by sticker, batch by batch, and I just don’t see that happening,” said Jacovetti. “I don’t even know how they could do it, en masse. A lot of this is still self-policing and thankfully there’s not a lot of folks that don’t want to break the rules.” Despite the growth in sales, some believe that Michigan is reaching a cap soon. Prices in December 2019 when sales first began included $323 for one ounce of flower, but by December 2023, prices had dipped to $95 an ounce. Just in 2023 though, per ounce prices were lowest in January 2023 with $80.15 an ounce, and highest in July 2023 with $98.65 per ounce. After July, prices remained stable. NORML board member and Meds Café operations manager, Jamie Lowell, predicts that the more drastic price decreases in 2022 pushed away investors, leading to a decrease in supply in the near future. “We could be looking at a scenario in the future where there’s not as much inventory in the pipeline,” said Lowell. “A lot of people just backed off because of market saturation.” Michigan currently uses private labs for product testing, which is funded by cannabis producers, but some allegations claim that labs can potentially be changing product results to benefit business owners and not consumers. To counter this, the CRA is working on building a state-run testing lab that will verify test results and perform audits on those labs. The new lab will be built using $2.8 million from Gov. Gretchen Whitmer’s 2024 budget, and is expected to open sometime this year. “I think it could definitely have an impact on the safety compliance portion of the business, which definitely needs some correction,” Barash commented about the state lab. “If that gets corrected, it could definitely impact pricing. Because if these results are artificial and we now see the true colors of these results, it will probably have a negative impact on prices, because it’s all based on THC.” Proof of corruption has been found in other parts of the industry as well. Last September, former legislator and head of the Michigan Marijuana Licensing Board and Marihuana Advisory Board, Rick Johnson, plead guilty to accepting $110,000 in cannabis-related bribes while in office between 2017-2019. “I am a corrupt politician,” he said in court, which followed with a sentence of 4.5 years in prison. U.S. Attorney Mark Totten told AP News that Johnson exploited the system. “Rick Johnson’s brazen corruption tainted an emerging industry, squandered the public’s trust and scorned a democracy that depends on the rule of law,” Totten said. However, other legislators continue to push to change the industry for the better, in some cases. In May 2023, legislators proposed a rule change to stop drug testing potential government employees for cannabis, which took place later in October. Michigan Civil Service Commissioner Nick Ciaramitaro said that it’s well past time that the rule was implemented. “Whether or not we agree with it or not is kind of beyond the point,” Ciaramitaro said. “Use of marijuana on the job is different than having used it months before you take the test … It doesn’t make sense to limit our ability to hire qualified people because they took a gummy two weeks ago.”

https://hightimes.com/

Announcing The High Times Hemp Cup: People’s Choice Edition 2024

It’s that time again. The High Times Hemp Cup: People’s Choice Edition is coming soon and coming in hot! Since 2020, we’ve hosted a slew of different High Times People’s Choice Cups in multiple states and can’t wait to see what products will dominate this year. As hemp is federally regulated, the Hemp Cup spans the entire country, showcasing the best hemp flower and products that show the true power of this plant.  It’s time to step up and join the judging rounds, sampling the finest and most potent products across the country. The High Times Hemp Cup is a prestigious event that offers potential consumers the unique opportunity to judge the finest hemp products on the market. This is more than just a competition—it’s a chance to elevate your product to a global stage and compete for the esteemed High Times Hemp Cup, a true seal of approval that differentiates the great products from all the others. With limited slots available, the opportunity to participate is highly coveted and entry slots sell out quickly. Competitor product submissions should be sent Feb. 19-21 and Judge Kits go on-sale for online ordering across the nation Feb. 26. Judges will sample the finest, rating them to narrow down the competition. Unlike our state market-specific competitions, the Hemp Cup kits will be available for online ordering in every state. Judges will have two months (between Feb. 26-April 21) to explore the wide variety of products they receive. We tally the scores and celebrate another successful High Times Hemp Cup: People’s Choice Edition on April 30. Let’s take a quick look at past winners in recent years. Last year’s High Times Hemp Cup rung in 2023 with popular hemp products like “Go The F**k To Sleep,” a peppermint full-spectrum CBD tincture, and most judges agreed that it delivered what was promised. We saw popular brands like Mary’s Nutritionals and Gold Naturals, Rove Remedies, and Black Tie CBD scoop up some titles. Winners of the Hemp Cup: People’s Choice 2022 were equally impressive, with winners coming from brands such as Sweet Sensi, 3Chi, Buddy’s Chocolate Haus, Horn Creek Hemp, and even Martha Stewart. There are a few things that potential competitors should know: First, slots are limited and they go fast. With a pool of hemp-derived products coming from all 50 states, it’s best to get your stuff submitted soon if you want to be considered. Second, traditionally, there’s a cap of two entries per company, per category. Third, for each entry you must submit 80 samples of the same SKU. Also, note that flower and pre-roll submissions should be limited to 3.5 grams maximum, and we impose a 3-gram maximum for concentrates and vape pens (Anything submitted with more will not be accepted). Those are some of the important components to qualify, but we’ll send more info after you’ve been confirmed for participation. Note that each entry must be the same exact product for all samples. There is a 500 non-refundable deposit per entry, but we’ve also included a few perks: Enter 3-4 and get one more free, enter 5-7 and get two more free, enter 8-11 and get three more free. Entry categories include the following: Hemp-Derived Edibles: Gummies (NON-PSYCHOACTIVE ONLY) Hemp-Derived  Edibles: Non-Gummies (NON-PSYCHOACTIVE ONLY) (No Liquids above 1 FL OZ  allowed) Hemp-Derived Tinctures + Capsules (NON-PSYCHOACTIVE ONLY) (No Liquids above 1 FL OZ  allowed) Hemp-Derived Topicals (NON-PSYCHOACTIVE ONLY) Hemp-Derived Flower and Pre-Rolls (NON-PSYCHOACTIVE ONLY) Hemp-Derived Concentrates and Vape Pens (NON-PSYCHOACTIVE ONLY) Hemp-Derived Pet Products (NON-PSYCHOACTIVE ONLY) Legal Psychoactive Flower and Pre-Rolls (D8, D10, HHC, THC-O, etc) Legal Psychoactive Vapes and Concentrates (D8, D10, HHC, THC-O, etc) Legal Psychoactive Edible: Gummies  (D8, D9, D10, HHC, etc) Legal Psychoactive Edible: Non-Gummies  (D8, D9, D10, HHC, etc) (No Liquids above 1 FL OZ  allowed) Several sponsoring opportunities are available. Presenting Sponsorship, Silver Sponsorship, Bronze Sponsorship, and general sponsorships are available. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners will be announced by High Times during a digital awards show on the High Times platforms including Facebook, and YouTube. High Times will send the awards after the winners are announced as well as shareable digital awards. Once announced, the list and product photos of winners will be posted on CannabisCup.com, HighTimes.com, and other media platforms such as the High Times Instagram to celebrate the winners of each category. Cannabis Cups are a tradition dating back to the late ‘80s, when they were conceived and then launched by then-High Times editor Steven Hager. About 30 people attended the first event in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, and since then it’s grown into a phenomenon in many jurisdictions, with medical and adult-use laws in place, or in this case, the federally-legal status of hemp. See you all there at The High Times Hemp Cup: People’s Choice Edition 2024.

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Researchers Using AI To Develop New Psychedelics

Pharmaceutical researchers in the United Kingdom are using the artificial intelligence tool AlphaFold to develop new psychedelic drugs, according to research released last month. The research, which has not yet been peer-reviewed, shows that using an AI tool is as useful as experimentally produced protein structures, which can take up to years to investigate. The findings give further evidence of the utility of AlphaFold, an artificial intelligence tool developed by DeepMind in London. “AlphaFold is an absolute revolution,” Jens Carlsson, a computational chemist at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, told Nature. “If we have a good structure, we should be able to use it for drug design.” AlphaFold, a public database that holds structure predictions for nearly every known protein, has proven to be a significant advancement in biological research. With the tool, pharmaceutical companies can use the protein structure of molecules implicated in disease to identify and improve promising new drugs. But not everyone is sold on the AlphaFold AI technology as a tool for developing new drugs. “There is a lot of hype,” said Brian Shoichet, a pharmaceutical chemist at the University of California, San Francisco. “Whenever anybody says ‘such and such is going to revolutionize drug discovery’, it warrants some skepticism.” Shoichet noted that more than 10 studies have shown that predictions made by AlphaFold were not as useful as protein structures obtained with experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography when used to identify potential drugs in a modeling method called protein–ligand docking. Protein-ligand docking is a method commonly used in the early stages of drug development that uses modeling to determine how hundreds of millions or even billions of compounds interact with key regions of a protein to identify substances that alter the protein’s activity. Previous studies have shown that when structures predicted by AlphaFold are used, the models do not do a good job of identifying drugs that are already known to bind to a particular protein. Shoichet and Bryan Roth, a structural biologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, led a team of researchers who came to a similar conclusion when they tested AlphaFold structures of two proteins implicated in neuropsychiatric conditions against known drugs. The researchers hoped to determine if small differences from experimental structures might cause the predicted structures to miss certain compounds that bind to proteins, but also make them able to identify different potentially useful compounds. The researchers tested the hypothesis by using experimental structures of two proteins to virtually screen hundreds of millions of potential new drugs. One of the proteins, a receptor that senses the neurotransmitter serotonin, was previously determined through cryo-electron microscopy. The other protein’s structure, called the σ-2 receptor, had been mapped with X-ray crystallography. The researchers ran the same screen with models taken from the AlphaFold database. They then synthesized hundreds of compounds deemed to be the most promising identified by either the AI-predicted or experimental structures and measured their activity. Significantly, the screens with predicted and experimental structures identified different drug candidates. “There were no two molecules that were the same,” Shoichet said. “They didn’t even resemble each other.” The researchers noticed, however, that the proportion of flagged compounds that altered protein activity in a significant manner –known as the hit rate– was almost identical for the two groups. AlphaFold structures identified the drugs that activated the serotonin receptor most strongly. LSD, the drug commonly known as acid, works in part by activating the serotonin receptor. Many researchers are trying to identify drugs that work similarly without causing hallucinogenic effects so they can be used as antidepressants. “It’s a genuinely new result,” said Shoichet. Carlsson and his team of researchers found in research that has yet to be published that AlphaFold structures had about a 60% hit rate class of target called G-protein-coupled receptors. He said that having a tool that can reliably predict protein structures would be revolutionary for the drug development industry. “It would be very convenient if we could push the button and get a structure we can use for ligand discovery,” he said. But AlphaFold will not take the place of other methods of discovering new drugs. Predicted structures can be helpful for some but not all drug targets, and which applies is not always readily apparent.  “This is not a panacea,” says Karen Akinsanya, president of research and development for therapeutics at Schrödinger, a drug-software company based in New York City that is using AlphaFold. AI is not likely to replace experimentation for new drugs, but researchers say the value of AlphaFold and similar tools should be recognized. “There’s a lot of people that want AlphaFold to do everything, and a lot of structural biologists want to find reasons to say we are still needed,” says Carlsson. “Finding the right balance is difficult.”

https://hightimes.com/

Missouri Courts Request $3.7 Million for Expungement

A clerk from the Missouri Supreme Court recently shared in a House of Representatives committee meeting on Jan. 17 that the state has expunged 103,558 cases involving people with cannabis convictions. However, many older court records are not digitized, and it is requiring a lot of time and effort on the parts of circuit clerks to comb through every case in search of expungements. “We’ve had about 100,000 cases expunged, but I can’t tell you, of that, how many more there are to go,” said court clerk Betsy AuBuchon, according to The Missouri Independent. She added that currently, about 10% of cannabis-related cases are reviewed and eligible. However, AuBuchon requested $3.7 million in the 2024 budget to go toward Missouri courts for expungement purposes. Missouri state law dictates that cannabis tax revenue primarily go back into the state’s cannabis regulation agencies. Anything left over will then be given to the court system to continue funding expungements for eligible cannabis-related convictions through a special assistance program.  In March 2023, state courts would receive $4.5 million either to pay employees overtime, or hire temporary workers to complete expungements. In May, the courts were approved to receive $2.5 million in a supplemental budget. The Missouri Independent spoke with supreme court communications counsel, Beth Riggert, who stated that circuit courts need to request for a fund reimbursement from the Circuit Court Budget Committee. That committee has provided $4.2 million to county courts so far. “Some circuit courts have advised they have not requested special assistance funds because they did not have current court clerks willing or able to work overtime and/or have been unable to find qualified individuals to provide special assistance because the analysis required is complicated and better done by experienced personnel, such as retired clerks,” said Riggert. Out of the total 103,558 expungements that have been completed so far, Green County has received the most funds with $940,000, and completed 4,306 expungements. The county with the second-highest expungement number is Laclede County (3,515 expungements and $35,000 in funds), followed by St. Louis County (3,749 expungements and $135,000 in funds), Frankline County (3,200 expungements and $53,000 in funds), and Jackson County (2,900 expungements and $195,000 in funds). Courts are expected to expunge cannabis-related misdemeanors before June 8, 2024, and all felonies by Dec. 8, 2024. Rep. Maggie Nurrenbern inquired how long it will take for the courts to clear nearly everything. “We are doing our best,” said AuBuchon, who was unable to provide a solid end date for the work. Bryan Feemster, a circuit clerk from Greene County, told the news outlet about the process of locating and expunging cannabis-related cases. “You have to look at every count in the case and see whether it actually had to do with marijuana or not,” Feemster said, explaining that clerks must read each case thoroughly. Feemster hired four previously retired clerks to work on expungements part time and brought on two additional people to sift through boxes filled with thousands of paper files that can’t be pre-screened for expungement. “They don’t do anything else,” Feemster explained of the team of six clerks. Adult-use cannabis was legalized through a voter initiative in November 2022, called Amendment 3, which went into effect in December that year, followed by sales starting in February 2023. Part of the push for legalization prior to the vote was that it would provide “automatic expungements” for people who served their sentences, so they wouldn’t have to petition the court or attend hearings to complete expungement. However, due to the lack of digital records, this is much easier said than done. “Let me be the first to tell you there is nothing automatic about that,” AuBuchon said. Feemster told The Missouri Independent that they’re working as quickly as they can. “From 1989 back, we’re going through every single criminal record to find out whether there’s something in there that might qualify,” said Feemster. “And it is, as you might imagine, very slow and tedious.” Not all counties are lucky enough to find retired clerks with legal experience to hire. In Johnson County, county clerks have expunged 529 cases, and received $18,000 to conduct the expungement. “I have not done any kind of research to see how far along we are,” said Johnson County circuit clerk, Marcy Anderson, of her team. “We just continue to do it every day.” Likewise, Jackson County spokesperson, Valerie Hartman, shared that clerks have reviewed 20,000 files, and so far has expunged almost 3,000 cases. First, they have reviewed cases between 1989-2022 that came from the Office of State Courts Administrator, the Missouri Corrections Department, and the Missouri State Highway Patrol, and next they’re trying to figure out how to access old criminal databases to potentially find more paper case files. “We have no information nor an estimate on how many additional drug cases await our review,” Hartman said. As of November 2023, county clerks were far behind the deadlines. Missouri attorney Dan Viets, who often defends cannabis cases, contributed to the writing of Amendment 3. Last year, he said in a KMBC report that progress continues to be made regardless of the deadline. “We have always said that as long as the courts, the circuit clerks in particular, are making a good faith effort to comply with the law, to get those cases expunged, that we’ll be satisfied,” said Viets. “They have not technically met the deadline. But on the other hand, we’re dealing with a century of marijuana prohibition in Missouri. So, there are hundreds of thousands of cases.”

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Proposal in Washington Seeks to Raise Legal Cannabis Age to 25

In 1996, California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana. Following this, 40 states along with the District of Columbia have legalized the medical application of cannabis. Additionally, the District of Columbia and 24 states have allowed cannabis for recreational or adult-use (although four have yet to launch their commercial retail markets). In all of these instances, as with alcohol, the age allowed to use cannabis is 21. But in Washington, there’s a bill that specifically proposes raising the minimum legal sale age for cannabis products with more than 35% THC concentration to 25 years, with an exemption for qualified patients and designated medical providers. House Bill 2320, addressing “high-THC cannabis products,” was introduced in the Washington state House Committee on Regulated Substances and Gaming by Representatives Lauren Davis, D-Shoreline, and Tom Dent, R-Moses Lake, on January 11, with a public hearing on January 16. They argue that high-THC cannabis products present both physical and mental risks that need to be addressed. “Today, there’s no legal limit on the potency of the psychoactive element, THC, in cannabis concentrates,” Davis said. “Cannabis vape oils, dabs, and shatter are regularly sold with a THC potency of nearly 100 percent—a ten-fold increase in potency from when cannabis was legalized in 2012. These concentrated products are different. And dangerous,” KOIN 06 reports. “The cannabis industry has changed considerably since cannabis was legalized,” Dent said. “This legislation is needed to address the everchanging market and put some measures in place to protect cannabis users and our youth.” As Cannabis Business Times reports, back in November of 2012 Washington, along with Colorado, became the inaugural states to legalize cannabis for adult use. Starting in 2014, both states initiated sales of adult-use cannabis for individuals aged 21 and over. Since then, an additional 18 states have adopted similar legislation. But if the bill passes, that age will rise to 25. Numerous advocates for legalization in the U.S. argue that the age limit for cannabis sales should align with that of alcohol sales. However, legislators in various state governments, holding more conservative views, have advocated raising the cannabis age limit to 25 years. They justify this by citing that human brain development continues up to that age.  While the brain ceases growing in size by your early teens, it doesn’t complete its development and maturation until the mid-to-late 20s. The prefrontal cortex (located behind the forehead) is among the last regions to fully mature. It plays a key role in abilities such as planning, prioritizing, and decision-making. There is some evidence that cannabis can alter the teenage brain, and that one should wait until adulthood to enjoy the substance. However, simply looking at human nature, or how little current prohibition—or to compare, even the drinking age—actually halts consumption, the bill aimed at raising the age of allowed cannabis use from 21 to 25 is somewhat absurd because it won’t change a damn thing other than further stifle legal markets.  The bill’s sponsors argue that their reasoning is backed by the work of scientists from Washington State University and the University of Washington, based on a November 2020 report on “Cannabis Concentration and Health Risks.” The paper states that: “Use of cannabis with high THC concentration increases the chances of developing cannabis use disorder or addiction to cannabis, particularly among adolescents,” according to the university researchers. “Daily cannabis use, particularly of high potency products, increases the risk of developing a psychotic disorder, like schizophrenia, and is related to an earlier onset of symptoms compared to people who do not use cannabis.” While such language is included in the bill, David and Dent kept out the part that such evidence is talking about the effects of THC on those between the ages of 14 and 19, not 21 to 25, the age of adults that would be affected by the bill if it passes.  The bill would also require Washington’s Department of Health to create voluntary training programs for retail cannabis staff on potential health and safety affects and requires the University of Washington’s Addictions, Drug & Alcohol Institute (ADAI) to put into effect guidelines for healthcare providers and patients deemed “at risk of severe complications from cannabis use.”  Another day, another expensive, red-taped-riddled waste of taxpayer money created by fudging with science that could otherwise be useful. 

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Report Says Minnesota Needs at Least 381 Dispensaries, Examines MJ Consumer Habits

Minnesota legalized adult-use cannabis in 2023 and medical cannabis back in 2014, and with the emergence of the pending market comes a new report documenting the cannabis habits among consumers in the state. While the report primarily looks at consumption and buying habits of Minnesotans, it also notably suggested that the state will need a minimum of 381 cannabis dispensaries across the state. This is because of state law, which requires one dispensary for every 12,500 Minnesotans. The report details the findings of a project commissioned by the Minnesota Office of Cannabis Management looking to better understand current attitudes of cannabis consumers and demand in the state. Specifically, it pulls from data collected from the June 2023 and Sept. 2023 Regulatory Determinants of Cannabis Outcomes Survey (RDCOS), which is used to gather state-specific data on cannabis-related outcomes and administered on a quarterly basis. Data collected from 494 participants residing in Minnesota who completed the full survey were included in the sample, and all were past-year cannabis consumers. The percentage of participants residing in each county is “almost perfectly correlated with the percentage of actual Minnesota residents in each county,” so authors suggest that the data is consistent with actual county populations in the state. The report first looks at consumption frequency among respondents, noting that 83% of qualified participants consumed cannabis at least monthly, with 40% consuming cannabis daily or almost daily. It also notes that 40% of the total sample said they are medical cannabis patients.  Authors clarify that these figures are “likely no representative of the absolute prevalence of past-month cannabis consumption among past-year consumers in the state, not of medical cannabis participants in the broader cannabis consuming population,” stating that the RDCOS successfully oversampled frequent consumers to provide greater confidence in quantifying total demand. The report notes that these patterns are consistent with other U.S. states, with individuals in the sample consuming flower and concentrates slightly less (11 days out of the month versus 12 days in the national sample for flower and five days versus six days in the national sample for concentrates). Edibles and vapes were consistent between Minnesota and national data, at seven and eight days out of the month, respectively. The report also looked at alternative cannabinoid consumption, with more than 50% of the sample reporting the use of at least one alternative cannabinoid over the past month and 68% indicating use of alternative cannabinoids in the past.  Delta-8 THC was the most popular for past-month use at 32% followed by CBD at 31%. More participants said they used CBD “before, but not in the past month” at 40%, though numbers still remained strong in this category for delta-8 at 33%. Participants reportedly obtained 24.77 grams of cannabis within the past month across the entire sample, a slightly higher figure than the national average “suggesting a robust market for cannabis-related businesses,” the report says. Most participants said they obtained cannabis from friends and family (67.6%), followed by adult-use dispensaries (61.3% — though the report notes this likely means lower-potency hemp-based edible retailers given that recreational cannabis dispensaries are not yet up and running). Dealers were the next largest source (53.4%) followed by medical dispensaries (42.7%). Participants were most likely to report sourcing cannabis from a dealer more than once over the past month compared to the reported frequency of sourcing from other options, with 41% of those purchasing from a dealer reporting going two or more times in the past month. In contrast, 35% of those sourcing from adult-use dispensaries went two or more times, along with 26% of those utilizing medical dispensaries. “Importantly, these data suggest an overall high prevalence of obtaining cannabis from a dealer, an illicit source, among Minnesota residents, which stands to reason as legal adult-use sources are not fully available,” the report notes. About 25% of the sample also reported cultivating cannabis at home, with two cannabis plants on average per participant. Finally, the report looked at broader practices around cannabis consumption, finding that respondents on average traveled 18 minutes each way to purchase cannabis, similar to the national sample.  Participants in the sample spent a median of $40 on cannabis within the past month, a slightly lower figure than respondents in states with similar adult-use cannabis laws from the national sample (a $75.50 median). While the report notes that there will be “no less than 381 retail registrations” given the state’s population size, authors state that many local governments may look to have more retail registrations than the minimum so that number may very well be higher when the market finally finds its footing. “It is impossible at this time to understand the necessary supply of cannabis vs. hemp needed to accommodate total demand without further research,” authors wrote. “Until the adult-use market is launched and sales for both types of outlets can be thoroughly assessed, estimates of adequate product supply and outlets for the adult-use program will likely be inaccurate.” The full report is available here via KSTP-TV.

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Suspected Small Ocean’s Worth of Ice Found Under Surface of Mars

Images taken using radar technology of an area near the equator of Mars have revealed what appears to be massive deposits of ice buried underneath the surface of the Red Planet. According to a press release from the European Space Agency, if the radar images do turn out to be water ice, it would be enough to cover the entire planet in a shallow ocean of water anywhere from 1.5 meters to 2.7 meters deep. This could potentially prove an extremely useful discovery for future human exploration and potential occupation of Mars. The European Space Agency’s Mars Express Orbiter was responsible for the discovery. The Mars Express was launched in June of 2003 and has been used to research the fourth planet from the sun ever since 2004. Since that time it has found striking evidence of current or past presence of water on Mars including the discovery of hydrated minerals which, according to NASA, form only in the presence of water.  This is not the first time evidence of ice has been found on Mars, but the new discovery represents the largest potential deposits of ice found thus far in an area known as the Medusae Fossae Formation, which was studied about 15 years ago for its deposits which were not able to be clearly seen at the time.  “We’ve explored the MFF again using newer data from Mars Express’s MARSIS radar, and found the deposits to be even thicker than we thought: up to 3.7 km thick,” said Thomas Watters of the Smithsonian Institution USA, lead author of both the new research and the initial 2007 study. “Excitingly, the radar signals match what we’d expect to see from layered ice, and are similar to the signals we see from Mars’s polar caps, which we know to be very ice rich.” The MFF is an area of Mars known for its massive amounts of dust which can create harrowing dust storms all around the planet. When the Mars Express originally identified images of the deposits 15 years ago, it was suspected the deposits might just be more dust, but researchers have said that the new images show greater evidence that the deposits appear to be water ice.  “Here’s where the new radar data comes in! Given how deep it is, if the MFF was simply a giant pile of dust, we’d expect it to become compacted under its own weight,” said co-author Andrea Cicchetti of the National Institute for Astrophysics, Italy. “This would create something far denser than what we actually see with MARSIS. And when we modeled how different ice-free materials would behave, nothing reproduced the properties of the MFF – we need ice.” The discovery was made from an orbiting spacecraft far above the surface so it will likely be several years, decades even, before we can find out for certain but the European Space Agency emphasized the importance of the discovery as crucial information to a well-rounded understanding of the planet which very well could house humans one day. “This latest analysis challenges our understanding of the Medusae Fossae Formation, and raises as many questions as answers,” said Colin Wilson, ESA project scientist for Mars Express and the ESA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). “Unfortunately, these MFF deposits are covered by hundreds of meters of dust, making them inaccessible for at least the next few decades. However, every bit of ice we find helps us build a better picture of where Mars’s water has flowed before, and where it can be found today.” In the event that a human-occupied spacecraft lands on Mars, it’s near impossible with current technology to land near the polar caps of Mars, which have been known for a while to contain water ice. If the MFF deposits do turn out to be water ice, it would be a much easier area to access based on proximity to potential landing zones for humans to access water.  “How long ago did these ice deposits form, and what was Mars like at that time? If confirmed to be water ice, these massive deposits would change our understanding of Mars climate history. Any reservoir of ancient water would be a fascinating target for human or robotic exploration,” Wilson said. “Together, our Mars explorers are revealing more and more about our planetary neighbor.”

https://hightimes.com/

Getting High Down Under

Sometimes, you have to take it to the streets, literally. At least that’s the approach Australian cannabis activists Will Stolk and Alec Zammitt take when trying to generate awareness around the flaws in Australia’s current weed regulations. Stolk and Zammitt have been helping make cannabis a hot topic of discussion in Australia for the past eight years, rolling out annual 420 “Who Are We Hurting?” demonstrations that have captivated the ears and eyes of the Australian public. At the very least, Stolk and Zammitt aim to share a laugh and start a conversation with people about cannabis legislation reform, but activism is not without its hurdles. As previously reported by High Times, both men are currently on bail for organizing a pot publicity stunt where they projected cannabis imagery onto the iconic Sydney Opera House on 4/20 in 2022. As of the writing of this piece, Stolk and Zammitt are scheduled to return to court on either the 4th or 5th of January 2024 to face charges—all for trying to help people not feel like outsiders and not feel objectified because they consume cannabis. Stolk and Zammitt left no trace of their light show on the Opera House, did not disgrace its exterior with graffiti, nor was the property damaged in any way. Technically, they were never on the premises. “We’re facing criminal charges for doing something that obviously is of mischief, but when we did the opera house stunt, we left no impact on it,” Stolk said over a video call. “We just want to be able to go down to the shop and buy cannabis, just like you can in California.” Since their first 420 stunt—where they donned a giant bong costume and attached a sign reading “Happy birthday, weed” to a bunch of balloons like in the movie Up—Stolk and Zammitt’s passion for activism was really to humor themselves. It just so happened that others well received their work, and suddenly, the “Who Are We Hurting?” movement was born. Before their serendipitous meeting, Stolk was a professional skier and Zammitt was well-versed in guerrilla marketing, PR, and publicity stunts for corporate clients. After an arrest in Utah for two grams of pot on a ski trip derailed his ski career for about six months, Stolk was pissed off and wanted to do something about it. Zammitt—who was also a cannabis consumer—wanted to change the negative stigmas around weed in Australia, and the two joined forces to jumpstart the conversation on cannabis reform and to educate people. “There’s definitely a lot of knowledgeable Australians who can speak on the topic better than we can, but they might not necessarily be able to get in front of the right people or have the clickbait,” Zammitt said. “That’s what we’re trying to pair together—the people who can speak well on the topic and the platform that helps them give that message. “We just supply what we know, and we encourage other consumers to do the same. If everyone was vocal about it, we’d be a lot further ahead of the stigma around cannabis.” And according to Stolk, slowly but surely, the culture is changing. “In 2016, when medical weed legalization was passed, it led to massive change, and two years ago in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), they decriminalized cannabis,” he said. “You’re allowed to grow your own weed and you’re allowed to smoke it, but you’re not allowed to sell it.” The legislation puts Australian weed smokers in quite a predicament: While they can consume their own herb, they have no legal way of purchasing it. “In Canberra, where Will’s talking about, you can grow your own, but it’s still federally illegal to import seeds and trade for them, so the plants would have to magically appear in your backyard,” Zammitt said with a laugh. “You’re also not allowed to use artificial heat or lighting sources, so if you don’t have a backyard, live in apartments, or security is an issue for you, you won’t be able to take advantage of the decriminalization.” And that’s why “Who Are We Hurting?” does what it does. They’ve teamed up with politicians and different activists who can help enact change, or at least influence the people who can make the changes, such as the Australian political party Legalise Cannabis Australia. “They’ve got four members of parliament elected across three different states in Australia,” Zammitt said. “People are voting for the change, and other politicians are starting to realize they’re asleep at the wheel.” One of the main legislative problems “Who Are We Hurting?” is currently trying to fix is the unfair targeting of medicinal cannabis patients on the roadways. “Currently, it’s the only prescribed medicine that you’re not allowed to have present in your system while driving,” Zammitt said. “We’re proposing an allowable defense so you can have it present in your system as long as you’re not driving whilst impaired.” According to Stolk, even if you’re a medicinal cannabis patient, if you’re caught with any traces of cannabis in your system, you automatically lose your driver’s license for three months, regardless of impairment. This means that even if you have a legal medical cannabis prescription, there’s a chance you could be unfairly cited while on the road. “During my time over the past decade doing these stunts, the police have set up a specific task force to target activists who are doing what Will and I do, as well as what the climate protesters are doing,” Zammitt said. “They specifically targeted my car, kept pulling me over, kept searching the car and drug testing me.” Zammitt kept coming up negative, but on two occasions three weeks apart, he returned two positive tests. He ended up going to court for those matters and, at the time, owned a private security company. Because of the roadside positive test, his license to employ security guards was revoked, causing him to close the company instantly. “I wasn’t allowed to profit from anything industry-related,” Zammitt said. “It was iffy as to if I would even be legally allowed to sell the company I owned.” But once he went to court, his driver’s license remained intact. “They allowed me to keep driving on the roads, so I feel the police task force was trying to target some of my financial income to try and hinder the activism we’re doing,” Zammitt said.  “Obviously, they were targeting me, and they specifically went about it in that way to take my company off me, but there’ve been plenty of other people who have had consequences similar to mine just because they’ve been driving with their medication present in their system.” This could mean that weed might still show in one’s system two weeks after initial consumption—depending on one’s metabolism. Thus, the work of “Who Are We Hurting?” aims to fix these holes at the highest levels of government and help people not live in fear of criminal prosecution for weed consumption. Haters may ask, “Why publicity stunts? Why not print pamphlets and canvass around?” “We do the stunts because we do what we know,” Zammitt said. “Rather than handing a pamphlet to one person who walks by who will probably throw it away, we would rather put a bit of effort into a stunt that could reach national or global news and get us in conversation with organizations like High Times Magazine and other mainstream media outlets.” “Who Are We Hurting?” wants to push the doctors, scientists, and politicians to comment on legalization and do cross-over interviews with them to convert the nonbelievers and reverse the stigma. “We do what we do to make the most amount of impact possible,” Stolk said. “When we do these stunts, we try to get people to talk about the elephant in the room, which is obviously ‘Who are we hurting?’ and the impact of these draconian drug laws.” For Stolk and Zammitt, stunts make it possible to do something highly visible to push their message in ways that do not negatively impact the public. “We don’t want to be going out there blocking major highways saying, ‘We want to make cannabis legal,’ because even people who smoke might be stuck in that traffic trying to get to work or trying to get their kids to school,” Zammitt said. In other words, Stolk and Zammitt aim to be disruptive, but not in a way that pisses people off. “We want people to resonate with our cause, but we don’t want to cause any conflict in society,” Stolk said. “I think the majority of people would agree that cannabis is safer than cigarettes or alcohol, can be used in both a medical and recreational way, and if we’re not driving impaired, we’re not really hurting anybody.” Zammitt echoed similar sentiments. “We’re not against the police, either,” he said. “There are a lot of police on our side and a lot of police who have family members in Australia who are prescribed medicinal cannabis. I feel like it’s just a few politicians and corporate folks who are pissed off and don’t want to see these changes go through. But we’ll play their game, we’ll keep lobbying, we’ll keep stirring the pot and I think we’ll see a lot of change moving forward.” Follow @willysworld69, @crazek, and check out crazeco.com.au for more information. This article was originally published in the January 2024 issue of High Times Magazine.

https://hightimes.com/

Cultivating Community

In the two years since opening Gorilla Rx and the four years prior spent fighting for the right to do just that, Kika Keith became a force in Los Angeles cannabis. But the idea wasn’t on a whim. The serial entrepreneur told High Times she first got the idea to open the South-Central Los Angeles dispensary in 2007. She was attempting to get her non-infused beverage line Gorilla Life into dispensaries when one of the owners recommended adding some decarboxylated hash. “We ended up partnering on an infused version of Gorilla Life called Chronic Tonic; it sold really well,” Keith said of her first dip into the cannabis game during the Prop. 215 era in California. “When I found out about recreational cannabis being legalized, I had an opportunity to get in as a social equity entrepreneur. And so that’s when I was like, ‘OK.’” At first, she thought she would be returning to the beverage space. She’d done well in it before, and as the last few years have shown, it’s definitely lucrative. But the real play for social equity early on was not in manufacturing. “The first opportunity was really to come in on the retail side for social equity. And so that kind of just changed my trajectory to launching Gorilla Rx as a retail dispensary,” Keith said. As 2017 rolled on towards the beginning of legal sales the following year, Keith saw the writing on the wall as she attended meetings on social equity and what the forthcoming LA recreational market would look like. One of the early mandates of social equity, which has now been tossed out due to predatory landlords and the clearing of generational wealth, required someone applying for a license to already possess the property, whether it was rented or owned. Keith would secure her location on Crenshaw Boulevard in March of 2018. “I grew up right down the street from where we are currently,” Keith said. “I had thought back then that it was going to be some months before they opened up the licensing process for the pre-ICOs in January. We just knew by spring they were going to open it up.” Pre-ICO dispensaries are the oldest legal operators in Los Angeles. They all transitioned from being medical cannabis dispensaries and had to be open by September 2007, when the Medical Marijuana Interim Control Ordinance (ICO) went into effect. While many thought the ball would roll quickly after the pre-ICO shops were permitted, it did not. Delay after delay and a trip to court with the city of Los Angeles to get 100 more licenses issued would see Gorilla Rx have to wait three and a half years to open its doors. While the landlord gave them a deal for half the price of the $12,000 for the first six months, that runway quickly ran out as the delays rolled on. “By the time before I opened my doors, my rent was up to $16,000 a month,” Keith said. “We ended up spending $350,000 on rent before I ever even opened my doors.” The kind of recourse drain knocked a lot of other people out of the mix. We asked Keith if she had ever heard a number of just how much cash was wasted by equity entrepreneurs sitting on properties. “I know 800 people applied, but some of them were applying for multiple properties, so let’s just say 500 to be conservative,” she said. “And I would say I was at the mid-level of what people were paying for rent. So you’re talking about tens of millions of dollars wasted.” If they all had spent as much as Keith, the total amount wasted would be somewhere around $175,000,000. We asked Keith when she saw the light at the end of the tunnel after all those years of work. She argued it wasn’t until she joined the lawsuit against the city after equity operators felt they needed to take action over the way the permitting process was going and how much money they were blowing sitting on locations. Keith noted at one point, they were funding the legal expenses with small donations, just like the Obama campaign pioneered in 2008. But they did it. Keith and 99 others would have their chance to open their doors. A lot of people in life talk about going back and doing good in their community. Few in life achieve it to the standard Keith has done in empowering her community through entrepreneurship. We asked her how dope that feels. “Yeah, man. It is what drives me every single day,” Keith said. “Especially given how wacky the cannabis industry can be. I’m a serial entrepreneur. This is my fourth business, and I’ve been in multiple industries. This cannabis—little did I know until I’m in it and running these numbers and looking at these taxes—it is the worst possible business model, with the worst possible margins of any business. “So if it were not for the fact that I invested so much making sure that there was diversity in this industry—that Black and brown people, that we would not be witnesses to another industry where we were left out—then I actually had the opportunity to educate folks and build power that we can effectively sway policy and then take it to the next level of actually having centrally one location where we can support each other. I mean, besides my children, it’s one of the best things in my life to be able to realize the fact that we have an opportunity to effectuate change in this industry.” In the two years since Gorilla Rx opened, cannabis retail hasn’t gotten any easier. But thankfully for Keith, the community has been quick to adopt the shop as their local club. Keith’s roots in the community and the fact that 95% of her staff call the neighborhood home helped them weather the storm. “I have to say it feels like a calling from God,” Keith said of the community’s reaction to the shop. “Because even though I have been in all these businesses, never have I been so well-received in the work, the fruits of my labor, fed so many people from the community.” Keith appreciates when elderly patients come in and find some product they didn’t know existed that ends up changing their lives. She believes, for many, that alternative medicine will become a beacon of hope compared to what big pharma is pushing out. Gorilla Rx’s short hop to LAX has made it a popular starting location for people beginning a California adventure. Keith loves it when folks come in and say they’ve heard about what Gorilla Rx was doing and wanted to see it for themselves. They want it back home in their cities, and Keith hopes Gorilla Rx will inspire them to make that happen. She also hopes to inspire her peers still caught up in the licensing maelstrom, some since 2019. It means a lot to Keith for those who still don’t have their doors open to come in and say things like, “You’re doing it, and we still believe that we can do it and be a part of this industry.” She does, too. She still takes the time to travel to city hall and Sacramento in support of her peers, regardless of the fact she already has her permit. Building her staff from the seven she started with to the 25 she now employs has also been a positive experience for Keith. She loves showing others how she does business so they can help her pull it off and learn it for themselves. “For employees that come from other dispensaries and say, ‘I’m finally in a place where I feel seen,’ it is so inexpressible, and I feel inexpressible joy every day,” Keith said. “That is what helps me get past all the bullshit of the compliance and the other problems that we have as an industry as a whole and allows me to keep pushing because I have so many people that are inspired and are able to take advantage of the wellness side of what we’re doing.” Keith said she believes the most important trait she brought with her to cannabis from her previous businesses was endurance. Keith was a single mom in a homeless shelter when she founded her first company. While one might take any opportunity in those circumstances, she chose entrepreneurship. “I’m a single mother; I’m going to start a business at the lowest point and rise up from that. That resiliency is what allows me a smile on my face today like, I’ve already been at the bottom,” Keith said. “You can’t throw nothing at me that’s worse than where I’ve already been. Having failed in other businesses and then I started again, I have removed the fear of failing. And so that really has allowed me to strive where most people will give up by now.” We asked Keith what has been the most surprising thing about her time in cannabis besides the crazy regulations and taxes. She paused, then firmly noted it’s the amount of time she has to spend on government relations. She felt she often spends more time on that than in the shop working. The next phase for Gorilla Rx’s community giveback is the opening of a mock dispensary next door called Gorilla University. When Keith was going to city council meetings in 2017 and 2018, she would take notes that she would bring back to the community groups she worked with to explain what she had learned. When it came time for licensing, two lawyers from a firm in Long Beach donated their time to help Keith teach people how to fill out their permit applications. “And I had them start volunteering with me so that we were helping people do their licensing applications, and then throughout the two-and-a-half year period of time, I was seeing how much hand holding and information that we had shared in groups that we were forming for people,” Keith said. “Even what they were getting into and then how to succeed in this industry.” Gorilla Rx hosted these sessions for years, but once it became a working dispensary, they needed a new place to host the classes. Keith was intent on ensuring Gorilla Rx succeeded, but she knew that she had to simultaneously do something to ensure that folks were actually on par with her in this race. Within the first year of being open, the building next door came up for sale. “We stretched ourselves to be able to lock down their property. And so we’ve been holding on to it. We’re gonna raise money, but it will be our center, our mock dispensary where we’ll train folks on the workforce side, even our own employees,” Keith said. “I liken it to McDonald’s University, where you know we have a place to train folks and then be able to recruit them and pull them out and place them either in our dispensary or other dispensaries across the city.” Gorilla University hopes to train people at every level of the industry, regardless of whether they are budtenders, inventory specialists, or managers. They’ve even partnered with METRC to become a certified training facility for the track and trace system that tracks all cannabis in California’s recreational market. Gorilla University just received $3.3 million from the state to help launch its programming. Keith is working hard to match that money via grants and recently started an Indiegogo campaign. After hosting several expungement clinics, Gorilla University started its cannabis health education classes in the fall of 2023. Training will continue to diversify as the funding comes in. Visit Gorilla RX at 4233 S Crenshaw Blvd. in Los Angeles. This article was originally published in the January 2024 issue of High Times Magazine.

https://hightimes.com/

Vermont Bill Would Drop THC Caps on Concentrates, Flower

Vermont law currently caps THC for cannabis flower and concentrates but that could soon change under a new bill packed with amendments to improve the state’s cannabis market. The Vermont Cannabis Control Board is asking lawmakers to drop the caps on the potency of cannabis and concentrates from state law, while the edibles caps would remain. Lawmakers argue that the bill could keep more consumers in the legal market, while some medical leaders in the state disagree. Dropping the THC caps is one of several proposed changes to the state’s cannabis policies included in the new bill H.612, which the House Government Operations Committee took up on the floor for the first time on Jan. 12. The bill targets hemp-derived products that are vaguely marketing intoxicating effects from synthetic cannabinoids such as delta-8 THC and so on. It would codify rules the board adopted last year, limiting the sale of intoxicating hemp-derived products in the state and regulate them as cannabis products if they contain more than 0.3% of total THC. The bill would codify rules the board already adopted last year that limit the sale of some  intoxicating hemp-derived products and regulate them as cannabis products if they contain more than 0.3% THC. Current state law caps the THC percentage in smokable cannabis flower products at 30%—which is high but exceeded in certain varieties—and the amount of THC in solid or liquid concentrated cannabis at 60%. Vermont also imposes a 5 mg serving size/dose cap on edibles and 100 mg cap on entire packaged edibles. The edible dosages align with what you’d see in most other states. “This section proposes to eliminate the first two,” Cannabis Control Board Chairman James Pepper said at the committee meeting. “The CCB has been asked in two subsequent years to evaluate the efficacy of these caps and submit reports about them.” The problem is this leaves out potent cannabis forms that are needed by people with serious conditions like cancer or other conditions that require high amounts of THC. Valley News reports that the bill would remove those caps and also include “a laundry list of the commission’s requests.” The bill was introduced by Reps. Michael McCarthy (D – Franklin-3) and Matt Birong (D – Addison-3) on Jan. 3. Some people at the committee meeting argued that potency caps on concentrates only forces manufacturers to use potentially harmful fillers. You can’t just smoke anything, when it comes to vape thickeners and ingredients.  “By limiting potency to 60%, you’re creating a perverse effect of giving the black market a monopoly on a product,” Dave Silberman, co-owner of FLORA Cannabis in Middlebury, said. “It’s a niche product—it’s maybe 4% or 5% of the entire market—but you’re giving them a monopoly on it.” Regulated markets are more likely to vet products for harmful additives by requiring lab results and so on. If people are going to the black market to get concentrates over 60%—which are many—they’re going to have a higher risk of smoking an unapproved thickener or additive. High Times has reported on potentially dangerous fillers such as vitamin E acetate, which is not safe to vape, and others, however it’s important to note that dangerous fillers have been used by the media to fan fear about cannabis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed in 2019 that the additive vitamin E acetate is the likely cause of the nation’s rash of lung injuries caused by vaping. Dr. Anne Schuchat, the principal deputy director of the CDC, told reporters that the additive, which received early attention as a potential cause of e-cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury (EVALI), was found in the lung tissue of patients by investigators. Others have speculated that some hemp-derived compounds have similar traits. Published in the Journal of Medical Toxicology on Dec. 12, 2022, a team of researchers led by Neal L. Benowitz discovered a link between THC-O acetate and significant danger to the lungs. THC-O acetate shares structural similarities with vitamin-E acetate—an additive that becomes dangerous to the lungs when converted by heat. The bill would also reduce operating fees the state imposed on medical cannabis dispensaries, reducing an application fee from $2,500 to $1,000 and dropping the annual renewal fee from $25,000 down to $5,000. It would also increase the timeframe of a medical cannabis card from three years to five years for people who consume cannabis for a chronic condition other than pain. Last October, WCAX in Vermont profiled various school officials to probe what their plans are and how the conversation around cannabis will continue, now that sales are legal for adults.

https://hightimes.com/

Maryland Police Chief Stands Up Against State Law that Reduces Number of Eligible Applicants

A police chief in Maryland is standing up against county regulations, which requires that potential law enforcement applicants must abstain from cannabis use for at least three years before they can be considered for hire. Police Chief Marcus Jones, who is based in Montgomery County, Maryland, told NBC Washington that the law is making it difficult to find new recruits. “I think in today’s environment, where we are with the legalization of cannabis, that has now restricted law enforcement agencies, particularly larger agencies, across the state,” Jones said. Earl Stoddard, the Montgomery County Assistant Chief Administrative Officer, also commented on the irony of the issue. “Having a legal drug become a barrier to increasing law enforcement seems like it’s a bad policy,” Stodder said. “It’s a big issue now, but it’s going to become an increasingly large issue as more people who have consumed with legalization consider policing, they realize they’re ineligible, that’s when we expect to see a bigger drop-off in applications.” Jones also leads the Fraternal Order of Police and is a member of the Montgomery County Council. In April 2023, he asked the Maryland Police Training and Standards Commission to reevaluate its stance on the three-year cannabis rule, and it agreed that it would study for alternatives but hasn’t provided any updates since then. Once Montgomery County officers are recruited, they are no longer allowed to consume cannabis in any form. However, this isn’t the case in other police departments. In Washington D.C., potential recruits are only required to have abstained from cannabis consumption for at least three months. In Fairfax County, located northwest of Washington D.C., there is no requirement for recruits to abstain from cannabis consumption. According to NBC Washington, other unnamed “officials” are asking for “more local flexibility on marijuana use in the hiring process.” Currently, Montgomery County law enforcement is trying to fill 175 positions, which is proving to be difficult even with the $20,000 signing bonus for applicants who are eligible. For now, it’s planning to hire an outside firm to help boost recruiting. Other states, such as New Jersey, have also made efforts to change existing regulations surrounding law enforcement and cannabis. In February 2023, New Jersey Attorney General Matthew J. Platkin released a revised drug testing policy that alleviates stress on police officers who want to consume cannabis while off duty. “Agencies must undertake drug testing when there is reasonable suspicion to believe a law enforcement officer is engaged in the illegal use of a controlled dangerous substance, or is under the influence of a controlled dangerous substance, including unregulated marijuana, or cannabis during work hours,” the text stated.  In 2021, a New Jersey law enforcement officer named Norhan Mansour was fired for testing positive for THC in 2021. The officer’s attorney, Peter Paris, defended the officer’s right to consume off duty in June 2023. “What Jersey City is doing is equivalent to terminating police officers because they had a beer off duty,” Paris said. “Except it’s worse because there is no constitutional right to drink beer, while there is a constitutional right in New Jersey to consume cannabis.” By August, Mansour had his job reinstated. However, progress took a few steps back in New Jersey in October 2023 when the Jersey City Public Safety Director James Shea sued the Attorney General to block law enforcement officers from keeping their jobs if they consume cannabis. The lawsuit claims that anyone who consumes a controlled substance is prohibited from carrying a firearm. “Every citizen in the state of New Jersey has the right to use marijuana,” Shea said. “If one of our officers wants to do that, they could smoke as much as they want—they can no longer perform the duties of a police officer, and we will have to terminate them if we become aware.” Adult-use cannabis sales began nearly two years ago in New Jersey in April 2022, but Maryland sales didn’t begin until July 2023. During its first week, Maryland collected $20 million in cannabis sales, and as of mid-January, the Maryland Cannabis Administration shows that the state has collected $787.5 million in adult-use sales between July-December 2023. Adult-use cannabis sales collected just $51 million in July, $104 million in August, $159 million in September, $214 million in October, $270 million in November, and $331 million in December. Maryland medical cannabis sales are slowing down, which is a trend that has played out in other states as well. In July 2023, medical sales reached $285 million, followed by $324 million in August, $360 million in September, $395 million in October, $429 million in November, and $464 million in December. As of Jan. 18, total year-to-date sales have risen to $796.3 million (which is a combined total of both adult-use and medical cannabis). The most recent round of adult-use applicants submitted in December 2023 included more than 1,700 applications across all three license categories (cultivation, processing, and retail). According to the Maryland Cannabis Association Acting Director Will Tillburg, the state’s cannabis industry continues to thrive. “The large volume of applications submitted prior to yesterday’s deadline demonstrates the significant interest in the cannabis industry in Maryland,” Tillburg said last month. “It is also a testament to the comprehensive outreach and education efforts made by the administration and our partners at the Office of Social Equity to potential social equity applicants.”

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North Carolina Appeals Court Debates Whether Cannabis Aroma Establishes Probable Cause for Search

Is it cool to use the smell of cannabis as probable cause to search a car? While most readers likely answer with a resounding “no,” just such a question is currently being hashed out, pun intended, by courts in North Carolina, a state that historically leans conservative.  On Tuesday, the North Carolina Court of Appeals overturned a lower court’s ruling to exclude evidence gathered during a traffic stop. This decision comes amidst ongoing legal debates regarding whether the mere scent of cannabis alone constitutes enough grounds for police to conduct a search of a vehicle. While hemp is legal in North Carolina, the Tar Heel state has not joined the legions of others in legalizing cannabis. But hemp’s legal status is at the crux of the case, bringing about the current legal debate. However, in 2021, North Carolina clocked in at third place for the highest level of cannabis arrests, the incident in question could be one of thousands. On May 17, 2021, a Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department officer conducted a traffic stop of Antonio Demont Springs, citing a suspicion regarding his vehicle’s license plate. The court document noted Springs’ apparent anxiety as the officer neared the vehicle, as evidenced by his trembling hands while handling over his paperwork. The cop discovered that Springs was operating the vehicle with a revoked license, and further investigation revealed that the license plate was a fake. When questioned about the scent of cannabis, Springs denied having smoked in the car. “I just got the car from my homeboy,” Springs told the officer. “That’s probably why.” The cop in question then asked Springs to get out of the vehicle. The officer opened a Crown Royal bag and found a digital scale, “a green leafy substance,” per the opinion, two baggies of white powder, and baggies of pills. Just reading about such a run-in with the law is enough to make one’s hands shake.  Springs faced charges including possession of drug paraphernalia, drug trafficking, and intent to sell or distribute a controlled substance. He challenged the legality of the evidence obtained by the cop, arguing that there was no probable cause for the car and his Crown Royal bag search. Springs pointed out that in North Carolina, hemp is legal and cannot be visually or olfactorily distinguished from its euphoria-inducing marijuana relative. Therefore, he argued, the mere smell of marijuana alone should not be enough grounds for police to search vehicles in the state.  Springs cited a memo from the State Bureau of Investigation, which clarifies that while industrial hemp and marijuana are the same plant species, as hemp typically does not contain enough THC to be psychoactive, not to mention, is legal, police should not be able to pull folks over for what may be deemed a suspicious smell alone. The memo highlights that the legalization of hemp presents challenges for law enforcement, as there is no straightforward method for police to differentiate between hemp and marijuana. Such a fact may be tricky for cops, but it’s a win for citizens and anyone interested in lowering the incarceration rate in North Carolina.  The trial court sided with Springs. They concluded that since hemp is legal and has a similar odor to marijuana, the smell alone does not justify sufficient cause for a police vehicle search.  But the Court of Appeals disagreed, writing: “This Court and our state Supreme Court have repeatedly held that the odor of marijuana alone provides probable cause to search the object or area that is the source of that odor,” wrote Judge Toby Hampson, a Democrat, joined by Judge Jefferson Griffin, a Republican. Hampson did note a Court of Appeals decision from 2021 that reads: “The legal issues raised by the recent legalization of hemp have yet to be analyzed by the appellate courts of this state.” However, in Springs’ situation, unfortunately for him, the officer had multiple other factors indicating probable cause, such as his comment about his friend potentially having smoked weed in the car, not to mention the invalid license and a fake license plate. Hampson elaborated that the policeman was aware of other elements besides the smell, concluding that the trial court was mistaken in trying to suppress the evidence obtained from the search. He also criticized the state’s attorneys for not adhering to the Rules of Appellate Procedure, as they failed to “provide any basis for appellate review” in their submission. It’s one of many incidents that will undoubtedly continue to play out as the U.S. reckons with and reassess the ongoing and evolving cannabis laws. During September of last year, the State of Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed that cannabis odor doesn’t constitute enough probable cause alone to search a vehicle. However, in Wisconsin, the reverse ruling came in, as courts decided despite the legality of CBD, cannabis odor was enough to search a car.

https://hightimes.com/

New Study Analyzes How Zebrafish React To Being Dosed with Psilocybin

A new study published in the peer-reviewed journal Nature explored the effects of giving psilocybin, the psychoactive compound found in magic mushrooms, to zebrafish.  Interest has developed in recent years in using zebrafish for psychedelic research. Zebrafish are a small, striped fish that belong to the minnow family. According to a 2013 study of the zebrafish genome also published in Nature, we share about 70% of our genes with these funny little creatures. They’re also considered to be very social as far as fish go, making them good subjects for study on psychedelics in particular and how they might affect human behavior.  The most recent study, published Wednesday, used machine tracking to analyze how psilocybin affects the swimming patterns of zebra fish.  “Here, we developed a wide-field behavioral tracking system for larval zebrafish and investigated the effects of psilocybin, a psychedelic serotonin receptor agonist,” the study said.  “Machine learning analyses of precise body kinematics identified latent behavioral states reflecting spontaneous exploration, visually-driven rapid swimming, and irregular swim patterns following stress exposure.”  The study found two distinct patterns in how psilocybin affected their aquatic test subjects. They categorized the responses into “stimulatory” meaning to excite and “anxiolytic” which is a term assigned to anti-anxiety medications. The researchers also found that the effects on the psilocybin were very similar to what we know about how zebrafish (and humans) react to ketamine. “Using this method, we found that acute psilocybin treatment has two behavioral effects: facilitation of spontaneous exploration (“stimulatory”) and prevention of irregular swim patterns following stress exposure (“anxiolytic”). These effects differed from the effect of acute SSRI treatment and were rather similar to the effect of ketamine treatment,” the study said.  The language of the study clarified exactly how the behavior of the fish differed with regard to the two major effects they found psilocybin to have. As far as the stimulatory effects, the researchers explained that the fish explored more of an area than they ordinarily would while sober.  “We found that acute, short bath pretreatment with psilocybin (2.5 μM, 4 h) in larval zebrafish had stimulatory effects on spontaneous exploration. We determined this pretreatment protocol after testing dosages between 1 μM and 50 μM and durations between 30 min to 24 h,” the study said. “Zebrafish typically swam near the wall in the small arena due to their innate preference called thigmotaxis In our large arena, on the contrary, they explored widely and swam longer distances.”  With regard to the anxiolytic effects of psilocybin on zebrafish, the researchers studied this response by dosing the fish and then exposing them to stress including rapid temperature changes, changes in the pH of the water, physically disturbing them and social isolation. When stressed, sober zebrafish tend to swim in a “zig-zag” pattern but the researchers found that the fish dosed with psilocybin did not respond this way.  “We pre-treated fish with psilocybin with the most effective concentration for enhancing spontaneous exploration, exposed them to stressors for five min, recovered them at a normal temperature, and tested their spontaneous exploration and optomotor response,” the study said. “Importantly, pre-treatment with psilocybin prevented stress-induced changes in swim patterns. Psilocybin-pretreated fish exhibited straight swim patterns even after the stress exposure.” This is not the first study of psychedelics on zebrafish. A 2022 study by researchers at MacEwan University studied the effects of giving zebrafish microdoses of Lysergic Acid Diethlyamide, more commonly known as LSD or “acid.” They actually found that small doses of LSD barely seemed to affect the zebrafish based on the parameters they were looking at, which they surmised may point to a lack of addictive potential of LSD in humans.  “In our first study, we repeatedly microdosed our zebrafish with LSD. Using behavioural neuroscience tests to quantify locomotion, boldness and anxiety-like behaviour, we observed no impact on behaviour after 10 days of repeated dosing,” said a  summary of the study published in The Conversation. “Like with terpenes, this may suggest a lack of withdrawal symptoms or addictive potential, which is encouraging for clinically viability for use in humans.” Interest in zebrafish for clinical psychedelic research is growing, as a 2021 study published in the National Library of Medicine put it: “the utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in neuroscience research is rapidly growing due to their high physiological and genetic homology to humans, ease of genetic manipulation, robust behaviors, and cost effectiveness.”

https://hightimes.com/

THCABC 123

The great, green hemp hope of legal cannabis hinges on one statement in the farm bill and requires for your hemp to be legal—you keep it as far away from a fire as you possibly can. Around 18 months or so ago a colleague of mine reached out and asked if I could help her with a supply opportunity. She is a PhD, spent some time in the cannabis space, and then moved onto a successful career running a hemp farm with her family. As she is a reputable, upstanding, and bright lady, I always looked forward to any conversation with her because it usually left me some new tidbit of cannabis science info that I would question or integrate into my workflow. So when she reached out regarding a vague supply request I assumed it was regarding something related to the hemp world. “Have you heard of THCa flower?” She asked when we finally got on a call. “You mean weed?” I responded. “No, it’s not weed, it’s THCa flower.” She replied. “It’s like weed, but it’s testing below 0.3% delta-9 THC so it’s not technically weed.” She then went on to detail how all of the CBD stores in some of the states she sold CBD flower were now requesting high-end THCa flower. The wholesale prices were below what licensed cannabis flower would sell at but the buyer market seemed to be less discerning on quality and there was a high demand. At this point my brain began to melt. Could it be true that the copious oversupply of middling flower being produced from the West Coast has now found a way into the hemp industry through some language loophole?  The answer was and is, clearly, yes.  Things have gotten pretty reckless in the cannabis space when it comes to sales. The reigning sentiment for the last 4-5 years has been that the feds do not care about black market weed sales. Pop ups, Snapchat, Instagram, social club (lulz), and now Telegram have become open markets from everything cannabis to everything else and it is deeply unfortunate that cannabis still sits in an online ecosystem of larceny, opioids, meth, and other sorts of trafficking. It’s unfortunate because it doesn’t belong there any longer. It’s like cannabis had one leg out of the door of the more nefarious markets and some demon magnet started to suck it right back into a dark web vibration. Ultimately this has to do with two facts: First, cannabis is a recreational drug with medical benefits in some cases and legalization pitched it as a medical drug with some recreational benefits. Second, almost every state program has a series of dense and idiotically-written regulations and laws. So what could be expected? Exactly what we have now, and I can tell you for a fact that the federal government does still care about illegal cannabis sales. It takes 4-5 years to build a case and I still have close friends catching cases for what everyone else is so flagrantly doing. So don’t be the kid on fantasy island that turns into a donkey when the clock strikes midnight. Maybe this whole THCa hemp loophole could possibly be the facelift cannabis needs so it is normalized into society and out of the cartel vibration, where we would all like it to be. After my call I spent a few weeks talking to lawyers, regulators, and hemp operators about the legality of the loophole. All of them said it was not legal and not a loophole but an error that was going to be corrected in the farm bill update, but the farm bill update did not come, and THCa flower sales exploded. Canopy in California also has continued to expand. You would think otherwise, based on how many grows have become distressed assets, but those distressed assets have been acquired by groups who have been able to use all sorts of financial instruments to scoop them up and continue to satisfy the international demand by operating within the corrupt and loosely-monitored regulations in some West Coast states.  The reality is for 99% of the THCa flower that’s been sold, some sort of fraud must occur for it to fall within the loophole. Interestingly enough, all the legal counsel that I spoke to about this issue have now flipped the script, writing legal opinions on how THCa flower is legal by the language of the farm bill. You might believe these legal opinions but these opinions are based on poorly written regulations and ignore the intent of the regulations, which is to deter and enforce hemp farmers from growing cannabis flower with delta-9 THC levels that will get you high. Interestingly enough, that level determined to get you high, anything above 0.3% delta-9, was defined by Canadian regulations written into their law by the input of one person. U.S. authors of the farm bill just copied and pasted that number without any background research or understanding.  If you were to identify the point of fraud, you would look no further than the flower testing. The hemp industry has some lenient testing when it comes to THC. Most hemp regulators take their field samples for compliance testing when the farm calls them out to do so. Most farms call the testing agent out a month before harvest. This provides a buffer for the farm in case their THC levels spike prior to harvest due to weather events, stress, or genetic expression. Without this window the hemp industry would have failed entirely during its startup. Hemp testing does require a multiplier to the total delta-9 to factor in the heating up or decarboxylation of the flower, but these samples are pre-harvest samples. The update on the farm bill will more than likely require a post-harvest test. Keep in mind that that the decarbed delta-9 multiplier was not instituted in the original farm bill and that many states were not decarbing the flower, resulting in a much lower delta-9 value that changed with the most recent farm bill update, but there was still ambiguity on the testing standard to make space for other methods. This is the language around testing with the farm bill.  The farm bill states with its scope for testing: “Compliance tests shall measure the total THC concentration in a sample submitted to a laboratory for analysis. The laboratory will perform chemical analysis on the sample using post-decarboxylation or other similarly reliable methods where the total THC concentration level considers the potential to convert delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) into THC.” The loophole is right there in the statement “other similarly reliable methods.” This statement is the cornerstone for selling THCa flower. The reality in the industry is that cannabis testing in general is not reliable. It has not gone through the full process of being flushed out and standardized. There are two types of testing liquid and gas chromatography. Gas testing heats up the sample in its process but is not reliable because other constituents in the sample can appear as THC on the test when they are in fact not driving a higher delta-9 THC value. Liquid chromatography does not heat up the sample and is more accurate, but a multiplier to factoring in the heating up of the sample is used when the lab results are produced. It is very easy to pull a sample switch in this test and very hard to prove that a sample has been switched. So none of this is very reliable. You get a test, you stick it on your product, and you sell. It’s that easy because it’s a pre-harvest test, not a post-harvest test. A post-harvest test would look a lot like what we have in the licensed cannabis space. Post-harvest testing is more than likely going to gut the CBD hemp farms trying to play legitimately because many of the low-THC-testing CBD plants will still test over the limit of 0.3%. There is an unspoken threshold with regulators where as long as you are below 1.0% you are good to go, but still these are pre-harvest tests. That 1% could easily become 5% in a post-harvest test and then you are tits up. The hyper-focus on THC becoming the only defining value metric when it comes to being able to sell your weed in the legal market or not sell your products in the hemp market has led to an incredible amount of fraud and misrepresentation. The irony is that the root cause of this focus and what has led to the lack of ethics when it comes to testing is because the state created an obtuse differentiation between cannabis and hemp based on chemistry. They are the same thing. They are the same genus of flowering plants. This fragmented view and the hyper-focus on the regulation of one cannabinoid has created the landscape for incredible fraud, because the fragmented legal definition is in fact fraudulent. Some of us deeply know that the value of a quality cannabis flower has little to do with one singular molecule. Maybe the government views the delta-9 molecule as something that needs to be regulated because the government spent years trying to weaponize it during the Cold War. The defense department was the first to isolate THCa, decarb it, and turn it into a gas weapon prototype to pacify an opposing force. It would not surprise me if the root of the regulatory philosophy is backed by some archaic Cold War weapons research, but I digress trying to justify fraud.  So what happens now? Law enforcement at this point must know that this is a giant opportunity. Weed is in fact being sold under the guise of it being federally legally, and almost everyone is buying the argument. The ramp up with rescheduling talk is more than likely due to the THCa flower boom and its intertia. The federal government is more than likely going to go after as many visible larger player’s assets and fortunes prior to rescheduling. My thought on rescheduling is ominous. My hope is that we turn our energy back into the flawed and less prosperous licensed state markets and invest our attention and resources there, not THCa. I’ve been an avid critic of these programs, but I do believe that the state programs could be the last buffer from a larger pharmaceutical play that will ultimately take out the small and medium size businesses that are better suited for innovation and producing quality products. I also believe that continuing to hustle poorly-written regulations and laws creates a toxic precedent for the long-term average business owner trying to have a legal cannabis business. It will lead to higher bars of entry and continue to support the proliferation of illicit markets in an increasingly unstable world and marketplace. That’s not good. To those of you who still believe that flagrant sales of cannabis will come to no consequence, maybe you won’t serve time if you get pinched, but you will bleed a lot of money making a legal argument. The lawyers have flipped the script because they know there will be cases to fight; they’ve felt the same recession in cannabis, and this is a goldmine for their firms. You need lawyers; but don’t get it twisted, they are in this space for the same reason most people are: easy money. The lawyers might be the worst part of this equation.  A close friend of mine said to me once that there are really only two types of cannabis: the type that turns you off, allowing an escape out of the world, and the type that turns you on, bringing you closer to the world. At this moment, I do not believe we have discovered the molecular compounds that create the illuminating effect, but I am positive we have figured out which ones mirror the numbing effects of pharmaceuticals. I hope that we will collectively start making long-term decisions that will keep the spirit of the plant alive and vibrant without having to manipulate loopholes in language, but I am an idealist in a failing world, which might make me more of a donkey than the vape shop owner down the street, hawking last years’ outdoor laced with a terp spray in a bag labeled THCa hemp—at least for the moment.

FAQ: How to use this hemp news hub

What topics does Chow420’s hemp news cover?

We aggregate and surface reputable coverage on hemp laws and enforcement, THC thresholds and policy proposals, cannabinoid products (CBD/Delta-8/hemp-derived THC), compliance, lab testing, recalls, and broader industry news.

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No. This page is for news and education. Hemp rules can change quickly and vary by state—always verify against the latest official guidance and consult qualified counsel for compliance decisions.

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Look for current third‑party COAs (Certificates of Analysis), clear ingredient labeling, and transparent sourcing. Be cautious with vague potency claims or missing lab reports.

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These products often sit at the center of policy and enforcement changes. We track major updates so shoppers and brands can understand evolving requirements and market impacts.

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